Lesson 1 A puma at
large 逃遁的美洲狮
【New words and expressions】生词和短语
◆puma n.美洲狮
◆spot v.看出，发现
◆evidence n.证据
◆accumulate v.积累，积聚
◆oblige v.使…感到必须
◆hunt n.追猎；寻找
◆blackberry n.黑莓
◆human being 人类
◆corner v.使走投无路，使陷入困境
◆trail n.一串，一系列
◆print n.印痕
◆cling (clung, clung ) v.粘
◆convince v.使…信服
◆somehow adv.不知怎么搞地，不知什么原因
◆disturb v.令人不安
学习词汇时仅知道汉语语义是不够的，要把单词放在语句中体会其应用
学习关键句型结构时则要把它放在段落结构或文章里
★spot v.看出，发现
pick out / see / recognize/ catch sight of
eg: A tall man iseasy to spot in the crowd.
He has good eye
for spotting mistakes. 他有敏锐的识别错误的能力。
spot(做动词时候) = see:强调结果、辨别出、看见、识别、发现。
find 强调发现的结果。
find out 查出事实真相。
discover 做出重大发现
notice 注意到
observe 观察
watch 观察活动中的人或画面
spot n.斑点
eg: There is awhite spot on the shirt.
on the spot
1,立刻，马上（at once, immediately ）
Anyone breakingthe rules will be asked to leave on the spot.
2,at the place of
the action 在现场
Wherever she isneeded , she is quickly on the spot.
★evidence [u]n. 证据
When the policearrived, he had already destroyed the evidence.
evidence=proof
in evidence:显而易见的.
He was in evidenceat the party.
evidently adv.
evident adj.
★accumulate vt,vi. 积累，积聚
accumulate 强调积累的过程
As the evidenceaccumulates, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate.
gather vt. 聚集，把某人召集在某处
collect 收集，采集
assemble 集合，集会，vt. 装配
hoard 大量地贮存
The squirrelhoards up nuts for the cold winter.
hoard up= store up
amass 积聚（主要用于诗歌和文学作品）
★oblige v.使…感到必须
feel obliged to do
sth.感觉有必要做某事
be obliged to do
sth 被迫做某事
★hunt n.追猎；寻找
run after 强调追赶、追求.
seek 追寻（梦想，理想）= pursue
chase 追赶.
hunt for
search 搜寻某处为了寻找到某人或某物
★corner v.使走投无路，使陷入困境
corner n. 角落
at the corner of the street
in the corner of the room
on the corner of the desk
be cornered ………被逼得走投无路
常用于被动语态：
The thief wascornered at last.
The problem
cornered me.这个问题把我难例了。
★trail n. 一串，一系列
trail==follow vt.跟踪
eg: The policetrailed the criminal to the place where he was hiding.
★cling (clung, clung ) v. 粘
eg: She is alwaysclinging to her mother.
He clung to the
hope that he would succeed.(抱有，怀有)
stick 粘住 stick to 坚持 sticky
adj. 粘的
★convince vt. 使…信服
convince sb. ofsth 使sb相信sth
和宾语从句that 搭配使用
没有宾语的情况下要采用主系表结构：be convinced
sb beconvicned sb相信
★somehow adv.不知怎么搞地，不知什么原因
by some means, insome way, for some reason unknown
somewhat ==alittle
★disturb v.令人不安
disturbingadj.令人不安的 disturbed 感到不安的
surprising 令人吃惊的 surprised 感到吃惊的
exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的
【Text】
§ Lesson 1 A puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮
listen to the tape
then answer the question below. 听录音, 然后回答以下问题.
Where must thepuma have come from?
Pumas are large,cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoothat a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they werenot taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts fromthe Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people whoclaimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
The hunt for thepuma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a largecat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it,and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it iscornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at oneplace in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals likerabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was foundclinging to bushes. Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night anda businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were nowfully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumashad been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have beenin the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. Thehunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbingto think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
【课文讲解】
at large
1：逃遁的，没有被控制的。
2：详细的(in detail)
3：总体来讲（as a whole）
在英文的表达方式中，首先呈现给读者的是结果。写议论文的时候要注意把握观点
eg: Pandas arelarge cat-like animals which are found in Asia.
life-like 栩栩如生的
一般来讲定语从句和同位语从句紧随在被修饰名词后面，但为了保持句子平衡，也可以把谓语动词放到从句之前
定语从句只是对于被修饰词的补充说明、修饰。
同位语从句则是讲述被修饰名词的内容
定语从句的引导词：
指人：主语 who; 宾语 who/whom; 定语whose
表达事物：that(也可指人)/ which
时间状语：when; 地点状语：where; 原因状语：why
同位语从句：名词做主语、宾语时，关系词用that 而不是which
时间 when; 地点where
eg: An idea cameto her that she might do the experiment in another way.
I have no ideawhat has happened to him.
定语从句中没有what 这个关系词，但它可以引导同位语从句
(An idea)…come to sb.某人突然想到了……
take sth.seriously==deal with sth. seriously 认真（严肃）对待某事
take sth.lightly: 草率对待某事
as 随着
过去分词做定语
声称曾经作过某事： claim to have done sth
I still rememberthe school where I studied English.
confirm: be sure,be certain
search=hunt
把某物留在后面：leave behind
Wherever he went,
the wound soldier left behind him a trail of blood.伤员所到之处，都留下道道血迹。
英文的表达方式重点在于突出客观事实，而中文则善于运用动作的执行者
complain of /
about :抱怨
on + 名词：强调动作正在进行
on the rise:在上升
on the increase: 在增加
on the watch: 在观看
on the match:在比赛中
on the fishing
trip:在钓鱼的途中
on holiday: 在度假
fully: completely,entirely
in the possession
of sb==in sb's possession 归某人所有
in possession ofsth. 拥有某物
take possessionof 拥有
eg: The beautifulcar is in my possession / in the possession of me.
I am in possessionof the beautiful car.
The person inpossession of the big house is excited.
It is disturbing
to think that 一想到………就心里不安
eg: It isdisturbing to think that I felt my examination.
熟读并背诵第一自然段
总结：
at large
take sth.seriously
cling to
leave behind
complain of
in the possessionof / in possession of
feel obliged toinvestigate
a woman pickingblackberries
a businessman on afishing trip
go on severalweeks
in the quietcountryside
【Exercises】
A. Complete thesesentences by adding a suitable word to the end of each one:
1 What are you looking ?
2 Where is your mother going ?
3 Whom has the letter been sent ?
4 This is the house I was born ?
5 What does your decision depend ?
key: 1 at /for 2 to 3 to 4 in 5 on
B. Write thesesentences again changing the position of the words in italics. Where possible,omit the words whom or which.
1 He is the man about whom we have heard somuch.
2 The shelf on which you put those books hascollapsed.
3 From whom did you receive a letter?
4 This is the road by which we came.
5 Where is the pencil with which you wereplaying?
key:
1 He is the man we have heard so much.
2 The shelf you put those books has collapsed.
3 whom did you receive a letter from?
4 This is the road we came by.
5 Where is the pencil you were playing?
注意：3 whom不能省略
定语从句中which以及指代人的做宾语的whom, 在非正式用法当中可以省略。省略时，介词不能前置到关系代词whom,which前，只能用于非固定的动词短语后面。
以look 为例
look at:注视
look for:寻找 介词不能前置
live in:居住 介词可以前置
eg: This is theold house in which he lived. / This is the old house he lived in
【Multiple choice questions】多项选择题P17
1. Expertseventually decided to investigate .
a. because theydid not believe that pumas existed in England.
b. because theywanted a puma for the London Zoo.
c. when a womansaw a puma in a small village.
d. because people’sdescriptions of the puma had a lot in common.
要求陈述原因：
1．D
in common-similar
2. What particularpiece of evidence persuaded the experts that a puma had been seen in thevillage?
a. The puma hadnot attacked the woman.
b. The woman haddescribed the animal she had seen as ‘a large cat’.
c. A puma had comevery close to a human being.
d. The puma hadbehaved like a cat.
A只是一个具体的特定的事例，阅读理解题的时候要把握中心大意
B large cat关键性用词
2. B
Pumas are large, cat-likeanimals which are found in America.
3. What was theproblem the experts were unable to solve?
a. How the pumahad managed to cover such great distances within a day.
b. How the pumahad escaped from a zoo.
c. Whom the pumahad belonged to.
d. How the pumahad climbed a tree.
A 文章中未提到
3．C
做理解题时要紧扣主题，紧扣中心大意
文章最后一句话总结了大意：
It is disturbingto think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
句型结构题和词汇题是关键
4. Theaccumulating evidence made the experts the animal was a puma. (lines 4-6)
a. to think b. thinking c. think d. thought
make----make sb.do, be made to do
主动语态中不定式to的符号应该省略
被动语态中不定式to的符号必须补充完整
5 People said the puma.(lines 5-6)
a. to haveseen b. to see c. they saw d. they had seen
把say改成claim---Peopleclaimed to have seen the puma.
5. D---清楚的道明了动作发生的先后关系
6 , it immediately ran away. (lines 8-9)
a. Observingher b. On being observed c. Having been observed d. Onher being observed
与原句中的when意思要一致，when引导的时间状语从句表示一
结构形式和as soon as 相一致的
如果用主动：On observing her, it immediately ran away.
On seeing me, hewaved to me.
6．B
7 Pumas never attack a human being except cornered.(lines 9)
a. they are b. being c. that they are d. when theyare
原句中unles----if…not / except on the conditionthat
when=if
except可以和名词/名词性从句进行搭配，也可以是when / if 引导的从句形式。
7．D
8 The experts were now fully convinced that theanimal a puma. (lines 13-14)
a. must be b. should have been c. can only be d. could only have been
must be 只是对客观现实的推测，时态不一致
8．D
情态动词表达推测的语意概念时，对于过去事实推测一定要用于情态动词have以及过去分词形式进行搭配。
9 The woman saw ‘a large cat’ five yards away from her.(lines 7-8)
a. at least b. four or c. no more than d. within
no more than =only
within = not morethan
9. C
10 A puma will notattack a human being unless it feels itself to be .(line 9)
a. in a corner b. in a trap c. at an angle d. under cover
in a corner 表示处于困境、尴尬的境地
in a trap 表示落于陷阱中
at an angle 表示弯曲的、不直的
10．B
11 A businessmanon a fishing trip is probably someone who .(line 13)
a. sells fish b. fishes for pleasure c. netsfish d. earns his living as afisherman
fishes for
pleasure 钓鱼为了游玩
12 A private collectoris a man who collects .(lines15-16)
a. for his own benefit b. onhis own c. in private d. unknown to the public
12．A
on his own = alone
§ Lesson 2 Thirteen equals one 十三等于一
【New words and expressions】生词和短语
◆equal v.等于
◆raise v.募集；筹（款）
◆vicar n.牧师
◆torchlight n.电筒光
★equal v.等于
A equal B
与… 相匹敌None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer.
eg:Mary is quiteequal to John in brains.
be equal to + n:
1. 与…相匹敌
2. 有能力做某事 to-介词
eg: I am equal to runningthe company.
★raise v.募集；筹（款）
raise money筹款
raise price 提高
raise a horse饲养
raise a family供养
raise wheet 种植小麦
raise an army招募
raise a shout发出喊声
★vicar n.牧师
★torchlight n.电筒光
【Text】
§ Lesson 2 Thirteen equals one 十三等于一
Our vicar isalways raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to getenough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used tostrike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silentever since.
One night, however, our vicar woke up with astart: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that itwas one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armedwith a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognizedas Bill Wilkins, our local grocer.
'Whatever are youdoing up here Bill ?' asked the vicar in surprise.
' I'm trying torepair the bell,' answered Bill.' I've been coming up here night after nightfor weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.'
'You certainly didgive me a surprise!' said the vicar. 'You've probably woken up everyone in thevillage as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is working again.'
'That's thetrouble, vicar,' answered Bill. 'It's working all right, but I'm afraid that atone o'clock it will strike thirteen times and there's nothing I can do aboutit.'
'We'll get used tothat, Bill,' said the vicar. 'Thirteen is not as good as one, but it's betterthan nothing. Now let's go downstairs and have a cup of tea.'
【课文讲解】
现在进行时和always 等频度副词的搭配——表示说话人带有的情感色彩
Tom is alwaysdoing homework.
Tom is always doeshis homework.
He is alwaysmaking noises.
one or another 表示某种、这样或那样
get enough money 筹集足够的资金来做某事
I have to getenough money to have my house repaired.
have the church
clock repaired-----have sth. done 找某人来做某事
have the planerepaired have hair cut
某人所遭受到的意外某种情况-----主语必须是发出动作的人
His wallet wasstolen. He had his wallet stolen.
used to:过去常常做，而现在不再发生的事情了
He used to smokeevery day.
however 用于口语，主要用于句首，作文中，最好用在句中、句尾，要用逗号分隔开来
He said that itwas so, he was mistake, however.
or: He said thatit was so, however, he was mistake.
I know his story,however, I wouldn’t like to tell you.
I know his story,I, however, wouldn’t like to tell you.
however 可用nevertheless nonetheless替换
start: 惊跳、惊奇
Eg: The voice madehim start.
What a start you
give me.你真吓了我一跳
He stood up with astart.
before …才
Nearly a week pastbefore he could explain what had happen to him.
Armed with a torch…
现在分词和过去分词的用法 looking
分词做状语/定语时，一定要注意它和逻辑主语要呼应一致
In the torchlight
非正式用语中whom可以省略掉
recognized sb as 认出某人是
regard sb as, think of sb as, treat sb as(把某人对待为), have on sb as（把某人尊敬为）
whatever: ever用来加强语气
night after night 一夜连着一夜
day after day / year after year / week afterweek / bus after bus
you certainly didgive me…
did
肯定句中常用do, did, does 加强语气和情感色彩，一定要位于动词原形之前。
Eg: You do likebeauty today.
as well用在句尾相当于too, 主要用在肯定句中，但比too所表达的语意更优秀
still用于句首，用逗号分隔开来，表达一个转折的关系。虽然如此，但是
get used to , be
used to do, be accustomed to, get accustomed to 都表示习惯于
get强调渐进的过程，be强调习惯了的状态
Eg: We are used tothe cold weather here.
You will get used
to the cold weather here.你很快会适应这寒冷的天气的。
【Special difficulties】P20
In
1．prep 表达惊奇，恐惧，失望或生气等感情色彩的名词搭配连用,在句中起状语的作用
in surprise; in astonishment; in alarm; inembarrassment; in amazement; in despair; in dismay; in anger; in disappointment
2．prep表达以、用: 用于语言，书写材料，色彩或声音等方面
in English; in pencil; in ink; in a fewwords; in such a high voice; in oil; in red; in code
3,用于状态、情况或处境
in trouble; in difficulty; in bed; in ahurry; in debt; in love with sb; in tears; in good order; in good repair; ingood health; in por health; in the bad mood; in the good mood; in haste; in afavor of excitement; in poverty; in luxury
【Exercise】
Use a phrase within in place of the words in italics
1 I left home very quickly so as not to missthe train.
2 I suppose I shall finish this eventually.
3 In the early morning there was not a personto be seen.
4 Shall I write with a pen or with apencil?
5 They haven’t many interests which they share.
6 Why is that little girl crying?
key: 1 in a hurry 2 in the end 3 insight 4 in ink / in pencil 5 in common 6 in tears
【Multiple choice questions】多项选择题
Comprehension 理解
1 The church clock did not work because .
a it was too expensive to repair
b it disturbed the vicar’s sleep
c Bill Wilkins only worked at night
d the bell had been out of order for many years
1. D ∽wasdamaged
2 The vicar was surprised to see Bill Wilkinsin the clock tower because .
a. Bill Wilkinshad been hoping to surprise him
b. it was anunusual time and place to find him
c. he had expectedto find a figure
d. the clock hadstruck thirteen times
2. B
3 The vicar offered Bill Wilkins a cup of teabecause .
a. he thought thatBill Wilkins was thirsty
b. thanks to him,the clock would now strike once an hour
c. he was gratefulfor the trouble Bill wilkins had taken
d. he was pleasedto have been woken up for nothing
为…表示感谢：begrateful for / be thankful for
不辞辛劳地做某事：take the trouble to do sth.
3. C
Structure
4 In the past the big clock the hours. (ll 3-4)
a. struckalways b. always struck c. was always striking d. has always been striking
In the past 是过去时态的标志； always 用在实义动词之前
4. B
5 It was not until the thirteenth stroke the bell stopped. (l.7)
a. before b. when c. so that d. that
It was not until…that…一直到......才......
Eg: It was notuntil midnight that snow stopped.
5. D
6 The vicar askedBill doing in the churchtower.(l.10)
a. what washe b. what he was c. what he is d. whatever was he
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序
6．B
7 ‘I it all right, but I’m afraid…’(ll15-16)
a. shall mend b. am mending c. have mended d. mended
突出结果或者对现在的影响，现在完成时
7．C
8 ‘We’ll get usedto that, Bill.’(l.17)
a. hearing b. hear c. the sound d. having heard
to 介词，表示习惯于
8．A
Vocabulary
9 Money which iscollected for a cause is known as .(ll.1-2)
a. cash b. a fund c. a scholarship d. aninvestment
fund 基金 cash 现金 scholarship奖学金 investment投资
9．B
10 A grocer is aman who .
a. runs ashop b. eats a lot c. sells bread d. surprises people
runs a shop 经营商店
10．A
11 ‘I’ve beencoming here for weeks now.’(l.11)
a. everynight b. all night c. the following night d. several nights
night after night= every night
11. A
12 ‘ .I’m glad the bell is working again.’(l.14)
a. Yet b. Good c. Just the same d. Even now
still 尽管如此，依旧，仍然= Just the same
12．C
It’s raining,still I must go out.
still 连接性副词，相当于in spite of that, even though, just the same
yet 但是，然而
I have failed, yetI shall try again.
This picture isnot too valuable, still I like it.
§ Lesson 3 An unknown goddess 无名女神
【New words and expressions】生词和短语
◆goddess n.女神
◆archaeologist n. 考古学家
◆Aegean adj.爱琴海的
◆explore v.考察，勘探
◆promontory n.海角
◆prosperous adj.（经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的
◆civilization n. 文明
◆storey n.楼层
◆drainage n.排水
◆worship n.崇拜
◆sacred adj.宗教的，神圣的
◆fragment n.碎片
◆remains n.遗物，遗迹，废墟
◆classical adj.（希腊罗马）古文化的
◆reconstruct v. 修复
◆rest v.倚放，放置
◆hip n.屁股，臀部
◆full-length adj. （裙衣）拖地长的
◆graceful adj.优雅的
◆identity n.身份
★goddess n. 女神
★archaeologist n. 考古学家
★Aegean adj. 爱琴海的
★explore v. 考察，勘探
The archaeologistsare exploring the cave.
exploration n.
explorer n.探险家
★promontory n.海角
★prosperous adj.（经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的
Our finance isprosperous.
thriving 昌盛的，兴旺的
booming 蓬勃的，景气的
flourishing 繁茂的，健康的
★civilization n. 文明
high level of
civilization高度文明
civilize v.
★storey n. 楼层
★drainage n. 排水
★worship n. 崇拜
respect; admire
Who do you worshipin th world?
warship n. 军舰战船
★sacred adj. 宗教的，神圣的
holy adj. 神圣的，圣洁的
solemn adj. 庄严的，庄重的
sacred music 圣乐
sacred promise 神圣的诺言
★fragment n. 碎片
★remains n. 遗物， 遗迹，废墟
★classical adj. （希腊罗马）古文化的
classical music 古典音乐
classical
education 人文科学教育
classic adj. 第一流的
This is a classicexample of love at the first sight.
classic n. 杰作，经典之作
★reconstruct v. 修复
re-重新，再次
construct 构造，建造，组织
build house 造建筑物
put up a tent
construct asentence
construct a brokenstatuary
erect: build highbuildings
erect monument 建造纪念碑
erect clock tower 建造钟楼
setup; establish;
found 建立
Eg: setup students’union
establish a school/ rule
found a country
construction n.
constructive adj. 有教育意义的
constructor n. 建设者
★rest v. 倚放，放置
★hip n. 屁股，臀部
[口] 在服用兴奋剂，宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人；消息灵通人士；adj. 通晓的，见闻广的
Eg: Hary is a real
hip. 玛丽真是赶时髦
The guy isn’t a
hip.这家伙什么都不懂
joined at the hip 表示交情极厚的
Eg: These two arejoined at the hip.
shoot from the hip信口开河
Eg: Sorry, I saidthat I shouldn’t have shot from the hip.
★full-length adj. （裙衣）拖地长的
a full-lengthdress
★graceful adj. 优雅的
a graceful lady
elegant (behavier)
★identity n. 身份
【Text】
§ Lesson 3 An unknown goddess 无名女神
Listen to the tapethen answer the question below.
How did thearchaeologists know that the statue was a goddess?
Some time ago，an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on
the Aegean island of Kea．An American team explored a temple which
stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini．The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization．Houses--often three
storeys
high----were built of stone．They had large rooms with beautifully
decorated walls．The city was even equipped with a drainage
system，for a great many clay pipes were foundbeneath the narrow streets．
The temple which the archaeologists exploredwas used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Romantimes. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statueswere found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, beenpainted. The body of one statue
was found amongremains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to beamong remains of the fifth century B.C.This head must have been found inClassical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious eventhen. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed tofind that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stoodthree feet high and her hands rested on her hip. She was wearing a full-lengthskirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very gracefulindeed, but, so far,the archaeologists have been unable to discover heridentity.
【课文讲解】
an interesting
discovery：强调discovery， 体现发现这个动作被考古学家做出
主动语态难以突出重点archaeologists made an interestingdiscovery
英文表达：结果、影响、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述
An American teamexplored a temple which…
which引导定语从句，修饰限定temple
which stands in anancient city on…
which = that;stand = lie, situate (vt.) locate (vt.)
An American teamexplored a temple which is located / situated in…
An American teamexplored a temple which lie in…
stand表示高高坐落于，矗立于
Eg: She stands1.75m. / A great tree stands on the mount.
The city at one
time must have been prosperous，for it…
for引导原因状语从句，对主句的附加说明
because引导原因状语从句，重点突出原因
Eg: The day brokefor the birds were singing.
at one time:表达曾经，一度；过去时态的标志，once
must have been 对过去事实肯定的推测
enjoyed a high
level of civilization. 享有高度文明
with…
Eg: a young manwith broad shoulders / an old lady with black hair
beautifully
decorated 过去分词做定语
a beautifully
dressed lady衣着漂亮的女士 / a deserted carpark 废弃的停车场
a white painted
door 被粉刷成白色的门
现在分词做定语，被修饰词与修饰词之间为；逻辑主动关系
a boy climbing thetree / the students reading in the room
The city was even equippedwith… for… were found…
be equipped with 配备，装备
Eg: the car wasequipped with air conditioning.
for 引导原因状语从句
beneath the narrowstreets / under the narrow streets
prep. beneath =
under 正下方
He is standingunder / beneath the umbrella.
under:在进行中，under control 控制之中；under
discussion 讨论之中；under repairs 修理之中
below:在下方，强调斜下方
Eg: She is sittingbelow the window.
The temple which…
be used as / be
used to be 把…用作为
Eg:The box wasused as a desk in the small village school.
The wooden box wasused as a bookcase.
The wooden box isused to contain books.
In the most sacredroom of…
Each of theserepresented … been painted.
represent vt. 代表
I represent allthe classmates.
The body of onestatue was found…
dating 现在分词，修饰remains
the customs datingfrom 1990
date from 追溯到，从… 开始
The traditiondates from the time when his grandfather was young.
The castle datesfrom the 14th century.
The castle datesback to the century.
Its missing headhappened to be among remains of…
happen to 强调事情的偶然发生
Eg: I happen to
have driven that kind of car. 我恰巧开过那种汽车。
He happened to
find the ticket in his pocket. 他恰巧在口袋里找到那张票。
句式：It happens that……
Eg: It happnesthat I met her on my way to work
I happened to meet her on my way to work
happen on 巧遇，偶然发现,偶遇
Eg: I happend on this old picture in the back ofthe drawer.
Guess, who I happend on while I was in Londonlast month?
reconstruct: puttogether, piece together, restore
四个形容词: amazed:very much surprised
surprised;
astonished; amazed; astounded 感到惊讶的，语气递增
astonished: muchsurprised
amazed: very much
surprised 惊奇
astounded 非常惊讶，尺愕，惊奇
to find… / todiscover… / to realize…
I’m not surprisedto see you here.
turn out 表明结果
turn out ( to be)+ n./adj.
Eg: Our partyturned out (to be) a success
the concert turned out to be failure.
It turned out that………… 原来是(表示结果)
that 从句，或其他名词从句，it 作形式主语
Eg: It turned outthat the diamond had been in the bank all the time.
It turned out that his statement was false.
as it turns out 人们后来发现
Eg: As it turnsout, there was not need to worry.
As it turns out,
the report was mistaken. 人们后来发现,这篇报告被弄错了。
She stood threefeet high and her hands rested on th hips.
rest on = dependon, lean on
His hand restedlightly on my shoulder.
which swept the
ground进一步说明拖地的，曳地的
despite / in spite
of +n. /动名词
It is still aproblem for the archaeologists up to now.
so far,up to now 都是完成时的标志
discover heridentity: find out he identity
【Special difficulties】
happen (to) , ithappened that…
【Multiple choice questions】
Comprehension
1 The interesting discovery made by the archaeologistswas .
a. that the cityhad once been prosperous
b. that the templehad been used as a place of worship
c. they found thefifteen statues had been painted
d. that they werenot the first to have found the head of the goddess
It’s missing headhappened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.’
1. D
2 The city ‘enjoyed a high level ofcivilization’ . This is confirmed by the fact that .
a. some of thehouses were built only one storey high
b. a great numberof fragments were found in the temple
c. the city hadbeen built on clay
d. advancedtechniques had been employed in building and decorating
This is confirmed
by the fact that引导同位语从句，补充说明fact 的内容。
be employed in:被应用在…方面
‘…The city at one
time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization．Houses--often three storeys high-were built of stone．They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls．The city was even equipped with a drainage system…’
3 In seeking to establish the identity of thereconstructed statue, the archaeologists .
a. tried todetermine which goddess it represented
b. pieced togetherthe fragments they found
c. discovered thatit was more modern than any of the other statues
d. wonderedwhether it belonged to the fifth or the fifteenth century
in doing sth: 在…方面
structure
4 The city had once known .(ll.4-5)
a, aprosperity b, the prosperous c. the prosperity d. prosperity
重点词汇know:知道，认识；经历过，曾经有过（= experience）, 这是一个文学用语，比experience更加正式
5 The temple used as a place of worship sinceRoman times. (ll.9-10)
a. was b. has not been c. had been d. was not
since:自从 主句的主干时态为现在完成时
6 They found that the goddess turned out to be …(ll.14-15)
a.surprisingly b. with surprise c. to their surprise d. a surprise
to their surprise:使某人感到惊讶的是 （在句中可做独立的状语，句子的主语不必是某个人）
with surprise:惊讶地（首先，必须与行为动词连用，其次，句子的主语必须是某个人）
Eg: To my great disappointmentthe train had already left.
With satisfaction/ delight / dismay
He smoked hiscigarette with satisfaction.
He went home withdismay.
To our dismay theparty proved to be a failure.
7 being very old, she was verygraceful. (ll.16-17)
a. Although b. In spite of c. Even d. Even though
despite = in spite
of (可以和名词、代词、动名词搭配)
8 So far, the archaeologists to discover her identity. (l.17)
a. have beenimpossible b. have not been able c. cannot have been d. could not
so far 现在完成时的标志
如果用posible / imposible, 要采用形式主语it
…it has beenimpossible for the archaeologists to discover her identity.
Vocabulary
9 In the most room of the temple…(l.10)
a. holy b. religious c. frightening d. colourful
原文中用到了sacred (宗教的，神圣的)
religious 宗教的
frightening 令人害怕的
colourful 丰富多彩的
10 The head was carefully preserved. It was .(l.13)
a. well done b. conserved c. maintained c. in good condition
state
well done 侧重强调做得好
conserve = keepfrom being wasted ,damaged, lost, destroyed
“不用尽或耗尽某物，保留“
conserve yourenergy you needed
we nust conserveout forest
maintain: 通过修缮保养，不使…破损（强调动作的过程）“维修，保养”
11 The goddess to be a very modern-looking woman.(l.15)
a. appeared b. proved c. resolved d. changed
turn out = prove
12 But, the archaeologists have been unable…(l.17)
a. beforehand b. until now c. for a long time d. at this distance
so far =>untilnow, up till now
beforehand: (adv.)事先= in advance
at this distance
(of / in time) 时隔已久
Eg: I can hardlyremember him at this distance of time.