一次 JDBC 与 MySQL 因 “CST” 时区协商误解导致时间差了 14 或 13 小时的排错经历...

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CST 时区

名为 CST 的时区是一个很混乱的时区，有四种含义：

• 美国中部时间 Central Standard Time (USA) UTC-06:00
• 澳大利亚中部时间 Central Standard Time (Australia) UTC+09:30
• 中国标准时 China Standard Time UTC+08:00
• 古巴标准时 Cuba Standard Time UTC-04:00

今天是“4月28日”。为什么提到日期？因为美国从“3月11日”至“11月7日”实行夏令时，美国中部时间改为 UTC-05:00，与 UTC+08:00 相差 13 小时。

排错过程

在项目中，偶然发现数据库中存储的 Timestamp 字段的 unix_timestamp() 值比真实值少了 13 个小时。通过调试追踪，发现了 com.mysql.cj.jdbc 里的时区协商有问题。

当 JDBC 与 MySQL 开始建立连接时，会调用 com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl.initializePropsFromServer() 获取服务器参数，其中我们看到调用 this.session.configureTimezone() 函数，它负责配置时区。

public void configureTimezone() {
    String configuredTimeZoneOnServer = getServerVariable("time_zone");

    if ("SYSTEM".equalsIgnoreCase(configuredTimeZoneOnServer)) {
        configuredTimeZoneOnServer = getServerVariable("system_time_zone");
    }

    String canonicalTimezone = getPropertySet().getStringReadableProperty(PropertyDefinitions.PNAME_serverTimezone).getValue();

    if (configuredTimeZoneOnServer != null) {
        // user can override this with driver properties, so don't detect if that's the case
        if (canonicalTimezone == null || StringUtils.isEmptyOrWhitespaceOnly(canonicalTimezone)) {
            try {
                canonicalTimezone = TimeUtil.getCanonicalTimezone(configuredTimeZoneOnServer, getExceptionInterceptor());
            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
                throw ExceptionFactory.createException(WrongArgumentException.class, iae.getMessage(), getExceptionInterceptor());
            }
        }
    }

    if (canonicalTimezone != null && canonicalTimezone.length() > 0) {
        this.serverTimezoneTZ = TimeZone.getTimeZone(canonicalTimezone);

        // The Calendar class has the behavior of mapping unknown timezones to 'GMT' instead of throwing an exception, so we must check for this...
        if (!canonicalTimezone.equalsIgnoreCase("GMT")
            && this.serverTimezoneTZ.getID().equals("GMT")) {
            throw ...
        }
    }

    this.defaultTimeZone = this.serverTimezoneTZ;
}

追踪代码可知，当 MySQL 的 time_zone 值为 SYSTEM 时，会取 system_time_zone 值作为协调时区。

让我们登录到 MySQL 服务器验证这两个值：

mysql> show variables like '%time_zone%';
+------------------+--------+
| Variable_name    | Value  |
+------------------+--------+
| system_time_zone | CST    |
| time_zone        | SYSTEM |
+------------------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

重点在这里！若 String configuredTimeZoneOnServer 得到的是 CST 那么 Java 会误以为这是 CST -0500 ，因此 TimeZone.getTimeZone(canonicalTimezone) 会给出错误的时区信息。

 debug variables

如图所示，本机默认时区是 Asia/Shanghai +0800 ，误认为服务器时区为 CST -0500 ，实际上服务器是 CST +0800 。

我们会想到，即便时区有误解，如果 Timestamp 是以 long 表示的时间戳传输，也不会出现问题，下面让我们追踪到 com.mysql.cj.jdbc.PreparedStatement.setTimestamp() 。

public void setTimestamp(int parameterIndex, Timestamp x) throws java.sql.SQLException {
    synchronized (checkClosed().getConnectionMutex()) {
        setTimestampInternal(parameterIndex, x, this.session.getDefaultTimeZone());
    }
}

注意到这里 this.session.getDefaultTimeZone() 得到的是刚才那个 CST -0500 。

private void setTimestampInternal(int parameterIndex, Timestamp x, TimeZone tz) throws SQLException {
    if (x == null) {
        setNull(parameterIndex, MysqlType.TIMESTAMP);
    } else {
        if (!this.sendFractionalSeconds.getValue()) {
            x = TimeUtil.truncateFractionalSeconds(x);
        }

        this.parameterTypes[parameterIndex - 1 + getParameterIndexOffset()] = MysqlType.TIMESTAMP;

        if (this.tsdf == null) {
            this.tsdf = new SimpleDateFormat("''yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss", Locale.US);
        }

        this.tsdf.setTimeZone(tz);

        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
        buf.append(this.tsdf.format(x));
        if (this.session.serverSupportsFracSecs()) {
            buf.append('.');
            buf.append(TimeUtil.formatNanos(x.getNanos(), true));
        }
        buf.append('\'');

        setInternal(parameterIndex, buf.toString());
    }
}

原来 Timestamp 被转换为会话时区的时间字符串了。问题到此已然明晰：

1. JDBC 误认为会话时区在 CST-5
2. JBDC 把 Timestamp+0 转为 CST-5 的 String-5
3. MySQL 认为会话时区在 CST+8，将 String-5 转为 Timestamp-13

最终结果相差 13 个小时！如果处在冬令时还会相差 14 个小时！

解决方案

解决办法也很简单，明确指定 MySQL 数据库的时区，不使用引发误解的 CST ：

mysql> set global time_zone = '+08:00';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set time_zone = '+08:00';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

或者修改 my.cnf 文件，在 [mysqld] 节下增加 default-time-zone = '+08:00' 。

修改时区操作影响深远，需要重启 MySQL 服务器，建议在维护时间进行。

===============================================================

另一份解决方案: 

       最近遇到了一个问题，java从mysql从读出的时间与本地时间有14个小时的时间差，经查证、测试解决了此问题，在此总结一下：

 

一、使用mysql-connector-java 6.x版本驱动需要做如下配置：

1、引入pom

1 2 3 4 5

<dependency>   <groupId>mysqlgroupId>   <artifactId>mysql-connector-javaartifactId>   <version>6.0.6version> dependency>

 

2、设置jdbc连接、驱动

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jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/test?useUnicode=true&serverTimezone=UTC&characterEncoding=utf-8&allowMultiQueries=true com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

 

 

二、设置mysql数据时区

1、查看mysql时区

1	show variables like "%time_zone%"

 

2、修改mysql时区

（1）方法一

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set global time_zone = '+8:00'; ##修改mysql全局时区为北京时间，即我们所在的东8区 set time_zone = '+8:00'; ##修改当前会话时区 flush privileges; #立即生效

（2）方法二、通过修改my.cnf配置文件来修改时区

1 2 3

# vim /etc/my.cnf ##在[mysqld]区域中加上 default-time_zone = '+8:00' # /etc/init.d/mysqld restart ##重启mysql使新时区生效

 

三、分析时区设置问题

       通过上面的设置，我们把mysql数据库的时区设置成了中国的时区‘utc+8’，而serverTimezone=UTC设置的是utc时区，两者不同，所以会发现从数据库读出的时间与本地时间差几个小时。要解决这个问题，需要让serverTimezone的设置与数据库的时区保持一致。我们可以选择修改serverTimezone的设置为serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai，或者修改数据库的时区为‘+0:00’。

 

四、serverTimezone支持的值说明

1、utc时区：serverTimezone=UTC

2、中国时区：serverTimezone=GMT%2B8（GMT+8这种方式支持全部时区，通过修改最后的数字实现，不过%2B不能写成+）

3、查看官方源码，可以看到serverTimezone支持的相关设置如下，如：中国的时区可设置为：serverTimezone=Asia/Shanghai

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America/St_Lucia=America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Thomas=America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Vincent=America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola=America/Port_of_Spain America/Virgin=America/Port_of_Spain Antarctica/McMurdo=Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/South_Pole=Pacific/Auckland Arctic/Longyearbyen=Europe/Oslo Asia/Aden=Asia/Riyadh Asia/Ashkhabad=Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Bahrain=Asia/Qatar Asia/Calcutta=Asia/Kolkata Asia/Chongqing=Asia/Shanghai Asia/Chungking=Asia/Shanghai Asia/Dacca=Asia/Dhaka Asia/Harbin=Asia/Shanghai Asia/Istanbul=Europe/Istanbul Asia/Kashgar=Asia/Urumqi Asia/Katmandu=Asia/Kathmandu Asia/Kuwait=Asia/Riyadh Asia/Macao=Asia/Macau Asia/Muscat=Asia/Dubai Asia/Phnom_Penh=Asia/Bangkok Asia/Saigon=Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Asia/Tel_Aviv=Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Thimbu=Asia/Thimphu Asia/Ujung_Pandang=Asia/Makassar Asia/Ulan_Bator=Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Vientiane=Asia/Bangkok Atlantic/Faeroe=Atlantic/Faroe Atlantic/Jan_Mayen=Europe/Oslo Atlantic/St_Helena=Africa/Abidjan Australia/ACT=Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra=Australia/Sydney Australia/LHI=Australia/Lord_Howe Australia/NSW=Australia/Sydney Australia/North=Australia/Darwin Australia/Queensland=Australia/Brisbane Australia/South=Australia/Adelaide Australia/Tasmania=Australia/Hobart Australia/Victoria=Australia/Melbourne Australia/West=Australia/Perth Australia/Yancowinna=Australia/Broken_Hill Brazil/Acre=America/Rio_Branco Brazil/DeNoronha=America/Noronha Brazil/East=America/Sao_Paulo Brazil/West=America/Manaus Canada/Atlantic=America/Halifax Canada/Central=America/Winnipeg Canada/East-Saskatchewan=America/Regina Canada/Eastern=America/Toronto Canada/Mountain=America/Edmonton Canada/Newfoundland=America/St_Johns Canada/Pacific=America/Vancouver Canada/Saskatchewan=America/Regina Canada/Yukon=America/Whitehorse Chile/Continental=America/Santiago Chile/EasterIsland=Pacific/Easter Cuba=America/Havana Egypt=Africa/Cairo Eire=Europe/Dublin Europe/Belfast=Europe/London Europe/Bratislava=Europe/Prague Europe/Busingen=Europe/Zurich Europe/Guernsey=Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man=Europe/London Europe/Jersey=Europe/London Europe/Ljubljana=Europe/Belgrade Europe/Mariehamn=Europe/Helsinki Europe/Nicosia=Asia/Nicosia Europe/Podgorica=Europe/Belgrade Europe/San_Marino=Europe/Rome Europe/Sarajevo=Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje=Europe/Belgrade Europe/Tiraspol=Europe/Chisinau Europe/Vaduz=Europe/Zurich Europe/Vatican=Europe/Rome Europe/Zagreb=Europe/Belgrade GB=Europe/London GB-Eire=Europe/London GMT+0=Etc/GMT GMT-0=Etc/GMT GMT0=Etc/GMT Greenwich=Etc/GMT Hongkong=Asia/Hong_Kong Iceland=Atlantic/Reykjavik Indian/Antananarivo=Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro=Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte=Africa/Nairobi Iran=Asia/Tehran Israel=Asia/Jerusalem Jamaica=America/Jamaica Japan=Asia/Tokyo Kwajalein=Pacific/Kwajalein Libya=Africa/Tripoli Mexico/BajaNorte=America/Tijuana Mexico/BajaSur=America/Mazatlan Mexico/General=America/Mexico_City NZ=Pacific/Auckland NZ-CHAT=Pacific/Chatham Navajo=America/Denver PRC=Asia/Shanghai Pacific/Johnston=Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Midway=Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Ponape=Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Saipan=Pacific/Guam Pacific/Samoa=Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Truk=Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Yap=Pacific/Chuuk Poland=Europe/Warsaw Portugal=Europe/Lisbon ROC=Asia/Taipei ROK=Asia/Seoul Singapore=Asia/Singapore Turkey=Europe/Istanbul UCT=Etc/UCT US/Alaska=America/Anchorage US/Aleutian=America/Adak US/Arizona=America/Phoenix US/Central=America/Chicago US/East-Indiana=America/Indiana/Indianapolis US/Eastern=America/New_York US/Hawaii=Pacific/Honolulu US/Indiana-Starke=America/Indiana/Knox US/Michigan=America/Detroit US/Mountain=America/Denver US/Pacific=America/Los_Angeles US/Pacific-New=America/Los_Angeles US/Samoa=Pacific/Pago_Pago Universal=Etc/UTC W-SU=Europe/Moscow Zulu=Etc/UTC #Standard (IANA) abbreviations #Mon Sep 28 16:41:59 WEST 2015 ACWST=Australia/Eucla AFT=Asia/Kabul ALMT=Asia/Almaty ANAT=Asia/Anadyr AZOST=Atlantic/Azores AZOT=Atlantic/Azores AZST=Asia/Baku AZT=Asia/Baku BDT=Asia/Dhaka BNT=Asia/Brunei BOT=America/La_Paz BRST=America/Sao_Paulo BTT=Asia/Thimphu CAT=Africa/Maputo CCT=Indian/Cocos CHADT=Pacific/Chatham CHAST=Pacific/Chatham CHOST=Asia/Choibalsan CHOT=Asia/Choibalsan CHUT=Pacific/Chuuk CKT=Pacific/Rarotonga COT=America/Bogota CVT=Atlantic/Cape_Verde CXT=Indian/Christmas ChST=Pacific/Guam DAVT=Antarctica/Davis DDUT=Antarctica/DumontDUrville EAST=Pacific/Easter ECT=America/Guayaquil EGST=America/Scoresbysund EGT=America/Scoresbysund FJST=Pacific/Fiji FJT=Pacific/Fiji FKST=Atlantic/Stanley FNT=America/Noronha GALT=Pacific/Galapagos GAMT=Pacific/Gambier GET=Asia/Tbilisi GFT=America/Cayenne GILT=Pacific/Tarawa GYT=America/Guyana HDT=America/Adak HKT=Asia/Hong_Kong HOVST=Asia/Hovd HOVT=Asia/Hovd IDT=Asia/Jerusalem IOT=Indian/Chagos IRST=Asia/Tehran JST=Asia/Tokyo KGT=Asia/Bishkek KOST=Pacific/Kosrae LHDT=Australia/Lord_Howe LHST=Australia/Lord_Howe LINT=Pacific/Kiritimati MAGT=Asia/Magadan MART=Pacific/Marquesas MAWT=Antarctica/Mawson MEST=MET MET=MET MIST=Antarctica/Macquarie MMT=Asia/Rangoon MUT=Indian/Mauritius MVT=Indian/Maldives NCT=Pacific/Noumea NDT=America/St_Johns NFT=Pacific/Norfolk NOVT=Asia/Novosibirsk NPT=Asia/Kathmandu NRT=Pacific/Nauru NST=America/St_Johns NUT=Pacific/Niue NZDT=Pacific/Auckland NZST=Pacific/Auckland OMST=Asia/Omsk ORAT=Asia/Oral PET=America/Lima PETT=Asia/Kamchatka PGT=Pacific/Port_Moresby PHOT=Pacific/Enderbury PHT=Asia/Manila PKT=Asia/Karachi PMDT=America/Miquelon PMST=America/Miquelon PONT=Pacific/Pohnpei PWT=Pacific/Palau PYST=America/Asuncion PYT=America/Asuncion QYZT=Asia/Qyzylorda RET=Indian/Reunion ROTT=Antarctica/Rothera SAKT=Asia/Sakhalin SAMT=Europe/Samara SAST=Africa/Johannesburg SBT=Pacific/Guadalcanal SCT=Indian/Mahe SGT=Asia/Singapore SRET=Asia/Srednekolymsk SRT=America/Paramaribo SST=Pacific/Pago_Pago SYOT=Antarctica/Syowa TAHT=Pacific/Tahiti TFT=Indian/Kerguelen TJT=Asia/Dushanbe TKT=Pacific/Fakaofo TLT=Asia/Dili TMT=Asia/Ashgabat TOT=Pacific/Tongatapu TVT=Pacific/Funafuti ULAST=Asia/Ulaanbaatar ULAT=Asia/Ulaanbaatar UYT=America/Montevideo VET=America/Caracas VOST=Antarctica/Vostok VUT=Pacific/Efate WAKT=Pacific/Wake WAST=Africa/Windhoek WFT=Pacific/Wallis WGST=America/Godthab WGT=America/Godthab WIT=Asia/Jayapura WITA=Asia/Makassar WSDT=Pacific/Apia WSST=Pacific/Apia XJT=Asia/Urumqi YEKT=Asia/Yekaterinburg

以上内容在src\main\resources\com\mysql\cj\jdbc\util.TimeZoneMapping.properties，

= 后面的值为我们可以用来设置的值

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