/*
* PL/SQL 程序设计学习笔记
* 学习plSql介绍.pdf
* 时间：2010-10-05
*/
--创建DEPT表
create table DEPT
(
DEPTNO NUMBER(10),
DNAME NVARCHAR2(255),
LOC NVARCHAR2(255)
)
delete dept;
select * from dept;
--插入一条记录并显示
DECLARE
Row_id UROWID;
info VARCHAR2(40);
BEGIN
INSERT INTO dept VALUES (90, 'SERVICE', 'BEIJING')
RETURNING rowid, dname||':'||to_char(deptno)||':'||loc
INTO row_id, info;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROWID:'||row_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(info);
END;
--修改一条记录并显示
DECLARE
Row_id UROWID;
info VARCHAR2(40);
BEGIN
UPDATE dept SET deptno=80 WHERE DNAME='SERVICE'
RETURNING rowid, dname||':'||to_char(deptno)||':'||loc
INTO row_id, info;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROWID:'||row_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(info);
END;
--删除一条记录并显示
DECLARE
Row_id UROWID;
info VARCHAR2(40);
BEGIN
DELETE dept WHERE DNAME='SERVICE'
RETURNING rowid, dname||':'||to_char(deptno)||':'||loc
INTO row_id, info;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ROWID:'||row_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(info);
END;
--复合类型-记录类型
DECLARE
TYPE test_rec IS RECORD(
Code VARCHAR2(10),
Name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL :='a book');
V_book test_rec;
BEGIN
V_book.code :='123';
V_book.name :='C++ Programming';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_book.code||v_book.name);
END;
--复合类型-使用%TYPE
--创建emp表
create table emp
(
empno NUMBER(10),
ename NVARCHAR2(255),
sal NUMBER(10,2),
hiredate Timestamp,
comm NUMBER(10,2),
job NVARCHAR2(255),
deptno NUMBER(10)
)
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,hiredate,comm,job,deptno) values(100,'Test',30.5,sysdate,10,'president',1);
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,hiredate,comm,job,deptno) values(7788,'Test2',100.23,sysdate,10.2,'manager',2);
--drop table emp;
select * from emp;
DECLARE
--用%TYPE 类型定义与表相配的字段
TYPE t_Record IS RECORD(
T_no emp.empno%TYPE,
T_name emp.ename%TYPE,
T_sal emp.sal%TYPE );
--声明接收数据的变量
v_emp t_Record;
BEGIN
SELECT empno, ename, sal INTO v_emp FROM emp WHERE empno=7788;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE
(TO_CHAR(v_emp.t_no)||v_emp.t_name||TO_CHAR(v_emp.t_sal));
END;
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE :=&empno;
Type r_record is record (
v_name emp.ename%TYPE,
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE,
v_date emp.hiredate%TYPE);
Rec r_record;
BEGIN
SELECT ename, sal, hiredate INTO Rec FROM emp WHERE empno=v_empno;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Rec.v_name||'--'||Rec.v_sal||'--'||Rec.v_date);
END;
--使用%ROWTYPE
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE :=&empno;
rec emp%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT * INTO rec FROM emp WHERE empno=v_empno;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('姓名:'||rec.ename||'工资:'||rec.sal||'工作时间:'||rec.hiredate);
END;
--以下脚本只能在sqlplus命令行中执行
----start-----
VARIABLE result2 NUMBER
BEGIN
SELECT (sal*12)+nvl(comm, 0) INTO :result2 FROM emp WHERE empno=7788;
END;
PRINT result2;
-----end-----
--INDEX BY TABLES
select * from dept;
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values(1,'Test1','BEIJING');
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values(10,'Test10','SHENGZHEN');
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values(20,'Test20','CHANGSHA');
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values(30,'Test30','ZHUHAI');
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values(40,'Test40','SHAOYANG');
DECLARE
TYPE dept_table_type IS TABLE OF
dept%ROWTYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
my_dname_table dept_table_type;
v_count number(2) :=4;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1 .. v_count LOOP
SELECT * INTO my_dname_table(i) FROM dept WHERE deptno=i*10;
END LOOP;
FOR i IN my_dname_table.FIRST.. my_dname_table.LAST LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department number: '||my_dname_table(i).deptno);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department name: '|| my_dname_table(i).dname);
END LOOP;
END;
--BOOLEAN 赋值
DECLARE
done BOOLEAN;
/* the following statements are legal: */
BEGIN
done := FALSE;
WHILE NOT done LOOP
Null;
END LOOP;
END;
SELECT * FROM EMP
--数据库赋值
DECLARE
emp_id emp.empno%TYPE :=7788;
emp_name emp.ename%TYPE;
wages emp.sal%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT ename, NVL(sal,0) + NVL(comm,0) INTO emp_name, wages
FROM emp WHERE empno = emp_id;
Dbms_output.put_line(emp_name||'----'||to_char(wages));
END;
SELECT * FROM emp;
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,hiredate,comm,job,deptno) values(8,'Test3',10.23,sysdate,1.2,'manager',3);
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,hiredate,comm,job,deptno) values(12,'Test4',10.23,sysdate,1.2,'president',4);
delete emp where empno = 8;
delete emp where empno = 12;
--变量作用范围及可见性
DECLARE
Emess char(80);
BEGIN
DECLARE
V1 NUMBER(4);
BEGIN
SELECT empno INTO v1 FROM emp WHERE LOWER(job)='president';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V1);
EXCEPTION
When TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('More than one president');
END;
DECLARE
V1 NUMBER(4);
BEGIN
SELECT empno INTO v1 FROM emp WHERE LOWER(job)='manager';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V1);
EXCEPTION
When TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('More than one manager');
END;
EXCEPTION
When others THEN
Emess:=substr(SQLERRM,1,80);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (emess);
END;
select * from emp;
/* 本例子仅是一个简单的插入，不是实际应用。*/
DECLARE
v_ename VARCHAR2(20) := 'Bill';
v_sal NUMBER(7,2) :=1234.56;
v_deptno NUMBER(2) := 10;
v_empno NUMBER(4) := 8888;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp ( empno, ename, JOB, sal, deptno , hiredate )
VALUES ( v_empno, v_ename, 'Manager', v_sal, v_deptno,TO_DATE('1954.06.09','yyyy.mm.dd') );
COMMIT;
END;
/* 本例子仅是一个简单的删除例子，不是实际应用。*/
DECLARE
v_empno number(4) := 8888;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=v_empno;
COMMIT;
END;
select * from emp;
--条件语句
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE :=&empno;
V_salary emp.sal%TYPE;
V_comment VARCHAR2(35);
BEGIN
SELECT sal INTO v_salary FROM emp WHERE empno=v_empno;
IF v_salary<1500 THEN
V_comment:= 'Fairly less';
ELSIF v_salary <3000 THEN
V_comment:= 'A little more';
ELSE
V_comment:= 'Lots of salary';
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_comment);
END;
--CASE 表达式
DECLARE
V_grade char(1) := UPPER('&p_grade');
V_appraisal VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
V_appraisal :=
CASE v_grade
WHEN 'A' THEN 'Excellent'
WHEN 'B' THEN 'Very Good'
WHEN 'C' THEN 'Good'
ELSE 'No such grade'
END;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Grade:'||v_grade||' Appraisal: '|| v_appraisal);
END;
--简单循环
DECLARE
int NUMBER(2) :=0;
BEGIN
LOOP
int := int + 1;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('int 的当前值为:'||int);
EXIT WHEN int =10;
END LOOP;
END;
--WHILE 循环
DECLARE
x NUMBER;
BEGIN
x:= 1;
WHILE x<10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('X 的当前值为:'||x);
x:= x+1;
END LOOP;
END;
--数字式循环
BEGIN
FOR int in 1..10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('int 的当前值为: '||int);
END LOOP;
END;
--数字式循环-循环变量自动减1
BEGIN
FOR int in REVERSE 1..10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('int 的当前值为: '||int);
END LOOP;
END;
CREATE TABLE temp_table(num_col NUMBER);
DECLARE
V_counter NUMBER := 10;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO temp_table(num_col)VALUES (v_counter );
FOR v_counter IN 20 .. 25 LOOP
INSERT INTO temp_table (num_col ) VALUES ( v_counter );
END LOOP;
INSERT INTO temp_table(num_col)VALUES (v_counter );
FOR v_counter IN REVERSE 20 .. 25 LOOP
INSERT INTO temp_table (num_col ) VALUES ( v_counter );
END LOOP;
END;
DROP TABLE temp_table;
select * from temp_table;
--标号和GOTO
DECLARE
V_counter NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('V_counter 的当前值为:'||V_counter);
V_counter := v_counter + 1;
IF v_counter > 10 THEN
GOTO l_ENDofLOOP;
END IF;
END LOOP;
<<l_ENDofLOOP>>
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('V_counter 的当前值为:'||V_counter);
END;
select * from dept;
--游标参数的传递方法
DECLARE
DeptRec dept%ROWTYPE;
Dept_name dept.dname%TYPE;
Dept_loc dept.loc%TYPE;
CURSOR c1 IS
SELECT dname, loc FROM dept WHERE deptno <= 30;
CURSOR c2(dept_no NUMBER DEFAULT 10) IS
SELECT dname, loc FROM dept WHERE deptno <= dept_no;
CURSOR c3(dept_no NUMBER DEFAULT 10) IS
SELECT * FROM dept WHERE deptno <=dept_no;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO dept_name, dept_loc;
EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(dept_name||'---'||dept_loc);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c1;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('cl closed!');
OPEN c2;
LOOP
FETCH c2 INTO dept_name, dept_loc;
EXIT WHEN c2%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(dept_name||'---'||dept_loc);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c2;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('c2 closed!');
OPEN c3(dept_no =>20);
LOOP
FETCH c3 INTO deptrec;
EXIT WHEN c3%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(deptrec.deptno||'---'||deptrec.dname||'---'||deptrec.loc);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c3;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('c3 closed!');
END;
SELECT * FROM dept WHERE deptno <=30;
select * from emp;
--给工资低于1200的员工增加工资50
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
CURSOR c IS SELECT empno, sal FROM emp;
BEGIN
OPEN c;
LOOP
FETCH c INTO v_empno, v_sal;
EXIT WHEN C%NOTFOUND;
IF v_sal<=1200 THEN
UPDATE emp SET sal=sal+50 WHERE empno=v_empno;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('编码为'||v_empno||'工资已更新!');
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('记录数:'||C%ROWCOUNT);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c;
END;
--游标的FOR循环
DECLARE
CURSOR c_sal IS SELECT empno, ename, sal FROM emp;
BEGIN
--隐含打开游标
FOR v_sal IN c_sal LOOP
--隐含执行一个FETCH 语句
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( to_char(v_sal.empno)||'---'||v_sal.ename||'---'||to_char(v_sal.sal));
--隐含监测c_sal%NOTFOUND
END LOOP;
--隐含关闭游标
END;
--当所声明的游标带有参数时,通过游标FOR 循环语句为游标传递参数
DECLARE
CURSOR c1(dept_no NUMBER DEFAULT 10) IS
SELECT dname, loc FROM dept WHERE deptno <= dept_no;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('dept_no 参数值为30：');
FOR c1_rec IN c1(30) LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(c1_rec.dname||'---'||c1_rec.loc);
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(CHR(10)||'使用默认的dept_no 参数值10：');
FOR c1_rec IN c1 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(c1_rec.dname||'---'||c1_rec.loc);
END LOOP;
END;
--PL/SQL 还允许在游标FOR 循环语句中使用子查询来实现游标的功能。
BEGIN
FOR c1_rec IN (SELECT dname, loc FROM dept) LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(c1_rec.dname||'---'||c1_rec.loc);
END LOOP;
END;
--删除EMP 表中某部门的所有员工，如果该部门中已没有员工，则在DEPT 表中删除该部门
DECLARE
V_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE :=&p_deptno;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno=v_deptno;
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=v_deptno;
END IF;
END;
select * from emp;
select * from dept;
--从EMP表中查询某部门的员工情况,将其工资最低定为1500
DECLARE
V_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE :=&p_deptno;
CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT empno, sal FROM emp WHERE deptno=v_deptno FOR UPDATE OF sal NOWAIT;
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN emp_cursor LOOP
IF emp_record.sal< 1500 THEN
UPDATE emp SET sal=1500 WHERE CURRENT OF emp_cursor;
END IF;
END LOOP;
--COMMIT;
END;
select * from emp;
--预定义的异常处理-更新指定员工工资，如工资小于1500，则加100
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE :=&empno;
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT sal INTO v_sal FROM emp WHERE empno=v_empno;
IF v_sal<=1400 THEN
UPDATE emp SET sal=sal+100 WHERE empno=v_empno;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('编码为'||v_empno||'员工工资已更新!');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('编码为'||v_empno||'员工工资已经超过规定值!');
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('数据库中没有编码为'||v_empno||'的员工');
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('程序运行错误!请使用游标');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END;
select * from dept;
--删除指定部门的记录信息，以确保该部门没有员工。
INSERT INTO dept VALUES(50, 'FINANCE', 'CHICAGO');
DECLARE
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE :=&deptno;
e_deptno_remaining EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(e_deptno_remaining,2292);
/* 2292 是违反一致性约束的错误代码*/
BEGIN
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=v_deptno;
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_deptno_remainingTHEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('违反数据完整性约束!');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END;
select * from emp;
--更新指定员工工资，增加100
DECLARE
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE :=&empno;
no_result EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
UPDATE emp SET sal=sal+100 WHERE empno=v_empno;
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
RAISE no_result;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN no_result THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('你的数据更新语句失败了!');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END;
--创建一个函数get_salary, 该函数检索指定部门的工资总和，其中定义了20991和20992号错误，分别处理参数为空和非法部门代码两种错误
CREATE TABLE errlog(Errcode NUMBER,Errtext CHAR(40));
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_salary(p_deptno NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER AS
V_sal NUMBER;
BEGIN
IF p_deptno IS NULL THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20991,'部门代码为空');
ELSIF p_deptno<0 THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20992,'无效的部门代码');
ELSE
SELECT SUM(sal) INTO v_sal FROM EMP WHERE deptno=p_deptno;
RETURN V_sal;
END IF;
END;
select * from emp;
select * from errlog;
delete errlog;
DECLARE
V_salary NUMBER(7,2);
V_sqlcode NUMBER;
V_sqlerr VARCHAR2(512);
Null_deptno EXCEPTION;
Invalid_deptno EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(null_deptno,-20991);
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(invalid_deptno, -20992);
BEGIN
V_salary :=get_salary(1);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('1 号部门工资：'||TO_CHAR(V_salary));
BEGIN
V_salary :=get_salary(-10);
EXCEPTION
WHEN invalid_deptno THEN
V_sqlcode :=SQLCODE;
V_sqlerr :=SQLERRM;
INSERT INTO errlog(errcode,errtext) VALUES(v_sqlcode, v_sqlerr);
COMMIT;
END inner1;
V_salary :=get_salary(20);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('20 号部门工资：'||TO_CHAR(V_salary));
BEGIN
V_salary :=get_salary(NULL);
END inner2;
V_salary :=get_salary(30);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('30 号部门工资：'||TO_CHAR(V_salary));
EXCEPTION
WHEN null_deptno THEN
V_sqlcode :=SQLCODE;
V_sqlerr :=SQLERRM;
INSERT INTO errlog(errcode,errtext) VALUES(v_sqlcode, v_sqlerr);
COMMIT;
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END outer;
--将ORACLE 错误代码及其信息存入错误代码表
CREATE TABLE errors(errnum NUMBER(4), errmsg VARCHAR2(100));
select * from errors;
DECLARE
err_msg VARCHAR2(100);
BEGIN
/* 得到所有ORACLE 错误信息*/
FOR err_num IN -100.. 0 LOOP
err_msg := SQLERRM(err_num);
INSERT INTO errors VALUES(err_num, err_msg);
END LOOP;
END;
DROP TABLE errors;
--查询ORACLE 错误代码
select * from emp;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp(empno,ename, hiredate, deptno) VALUES(2222, 'Jerry', SYSDATE, 20);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入数据记录成功!');
INSERT INTO emp(empno,ename, hiredate, deptno) VALUES(2222, 'Jerry', SYSDATE, 20);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('插入数据记录成功!');
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE||'---'||SQLERRM);
END;
--获取某部门的工资总和
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_salaryf(
Dept_no NUMBER,
Emp_count OUT NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER IS
V_sum NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(sal), count(*) INTO V_sum, emp_count FROM emp WHERE deptno=dept_no;
RETURN v_sum;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('你需要的数据不存在!');
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('程序运行错误!请使用游标');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END get_salaryf;
select * from emp;
--内嵌函数的调用-第一种参数传递格式称为位置表示法
--计算某部门的工资总和
DECLARE
V_num NUMBER;
V_sum NUMBER;
BEGIN
V_sum := get_salaryf(3, v_num);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('3 号部门工资总和：'||v_sum||',人数：'||v_num);
END;
--内嵌函数的调用-第二种参数传递格式称为名称表示法
DECLARE
V_num NUMBER;
V_sum NUMBER;
BEGIN
V_sum :=get_salaryf(emp_count=> v_num, dept_no => 3);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('3 号部门工资总和：'||v_sum||'，人数：'||v_num);
END;
--内嵌函数的调用-第三种参数传递格式称为混合表示法
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION demo_fun(
Name VARCHAR2,
Age INTEGER,
Sex VARCHAR2)
RETURN VARCHAR2
AS
V_var VARCHAR2(32);
BEGIN
V_var := name||'：'||TO_CHAR(age)||'岁，'||sex;
RETURN v_var;
END;
DECLARE
Var VARCHAR(32);
BEGIN
Var := demo_fun('user1', 30, sex => '男');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(var);
Var := demo_fun('user2', age => 40, sex => '男');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(var);
Var := demo_fun('user3', sex => '女', age => 20);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(var);
END;
--参数默认值
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION demo_fun2(
Name VARCHAR2,
Age INTEGER,
Sex VARCHAR2 DEFAULT '男')
RETURN VARCHAR2
AS
V_var VARCHAR2(32);
BEGIN
V_var := name||'：'||TO_CHAR(age)||'岁，'||sex;
RETURN v_var;
END;
DECLARE
Var VARCHAR(32);
BEGIN
Var := demo_fun2('user1', 30);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(var);
Var := demo_fun2('user2', age => 40);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(var);
Var := demo_fun2('user3', sex => '女', age => 20);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(var);
END;
--存储过程
--用户连接登记记录
CREATE table logtable (userid VARCHAR2(10), logdate date);
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE logexecution IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO logtable (userid, logdate) VALUES (USER, SYSDATE);
END;
--删除指定员工记录
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE DelEmp(v_empno IN emp.empno%TYPE)AS
No_result EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno=v_empno;
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
RAISE no_result;
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('编码为'||v_empno||'的员工已被除名!');
EXCEPTION
WHEN no_result THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('你需要的数据不存在!');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END DelEmp;
--计算指定部门的工资总和，并统计其中的职工数量
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE proc_demo(
Dept_no NUMBER DEFAULT 10,
Sal_sum OUT NUMBER,
Emp_count OUT NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(sal), COUNT(*) INTO sal_sum, emp_count FROM emp WHERE deptno=dept_no;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('你需要的数据不存在!');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END proc_demo;
select * from emp;
DECLARE
V_num NUMBER;
V_sum NUMBER(8, 2);
BEGIN
Proc_demo(1, v_sum, v_num);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('1 号部门工资总和：'||v_sum||'，人数：'||v_num);
Proc_demo(sal_sum=> v_sum, emp_count => v_num);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 号部门工资总和：'||v_sum||'，人数：'||v_num);
END;
--建立本地过程，用于计算指定部门的工资总和，并统计其中的职工数量
DECLARE
V_num NUMBER;
V_sum NUMBER(8, 2);
PROCEDURE proc_demo(
Dept_no NUMBER DEFAULT 10,
Sal_sum OUT NUMBER,
Emp_count OUT NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
SELECT SUM(sal), COUNT(*) INTO sal_sum, emp_count FROM emp WHERE deptno=dept_no;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('你需要的数据不存在!');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('发生其它错误!');
END proc_demo;
BEGIN
Proc_demo(1, v_sum, v_num);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('1 号部门工资总和：'||v_sum||'，人数:'||v_num);
Proc_demo(sal_sum=> v_sum, emp_count => v_num);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('10 号部门工资总和：'||v_sum||'，人数:'||v_num);
END;
--授权执行权给相关的用户或角色
CREATE OR REPLACE PUBLIC SYNONYM DBMS_JOB FOR DBMS_JOB;
GRANT EXECUTE ON dbms_job TO PUBLIC WITH GRANT OPTION;
--与过程相关数据字典
select * from USER_SOURCE;
select * from ALL_SOURCE;
select * from DBA_SOURCE;
select * from USER_ERRORS;
DESC proc_demo;
desc emp;
DROP PROCEDURE logexecution;
select * from dept;
--包的创建和应用
--包定义的说明
--创建的包为demo_pack, 该包中包含一个记录变量DeptRec、两个函数和一个过程
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE demo_pack
IS
DeptRec dept%ROWTYPE;
V_sqlcode NUMBER;
V_sqlerr VARCHAR2(2048);
FUNCTION add_dept(
dept_no NUMBER, dept_name VARCHAR2, location VARCHAR2)
RETURN NUMBER;
FUNCTION remove_dept(dept_no NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER;
PROCEDURE query_dept(dept_no IN NUMBER);
END demo_pack;
--包主体的创建
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY demo_pack
IS
Flag INTEGER;
FUNCTION check_dept(dept_no NUMBER)
RETURN INTEGER;
FUNCTION add_dept(dept_no NUMBER, dept_name VARCHAR2, location VARCHAR2)
RETURN NUMBER
IS
BEGIN
IF check_dept(dept_no)=0 THEN
INSERT INTO dept VALUES(dept_no, dept_name, location);
RETURN 1;
ELSE
RETURN 0;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
V_sqlcode := SQLCODE;
V_sqlerr := SQLERRM;
RETURN 1;
END add_dept;
FUNCTION remove_dept(dept_no NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER
IS
BEGIN
V_sqlcode := 0;
V_sqlerr := NULL;
IF check_dept(dept_no)= 1 THEN
DELETE FROM dept WHERE deptno=dept_no;
RETURN 1;
ELSE
RETURN 0;
END IF;
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
V_sqlcode := SQLCODE;
V_sqlerr := SQLERRM;
RETURN 1;
END remove_dept;
PROCEDURE query_dept(dept_no IN NUMBER)
IS
BEGIN
IF check_dept(dept_no)=1 THEN
SELECT * INTO DeptRec FROM dept WHERE deptno=dept_no;
END IF;
END query_dept;
FUNCTION check_dept(dept_no NUMBER)
RETURN INTEGER
IS
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO flag FROM dept WHERE deptno=dept_no;
IF flag > 0 THEN
Flag := 1;
END IF;
RETURN flag;
END check_dept;
BEGIN
V_sqlcode := NULL;
V_sqlerr := NULL;
END demo_pack;
select * from dept;
delete dept where deptno=90;
--对包内共有元素的调用格式为：包名.元素名称
DECLARE
Var NUMBER;
BEGIN
Var := demo_pack.add_dept(90,'Administration', 'Beijing');
IF Var =-1 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(demo_pack.v_sqlerr);
ELSIF Var =0 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('该部门记录已经存在！');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('添加记录成功！');
Demo_pack.query_dept(90);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(demo_pack.DeptRec.deptno||'---'||demo_pack.DeptRec.dname||'---'||demo_pack.DeptRec.loc);
Var := demo_pack.remove_dept(90);
IF Var =-1 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(demo_pack.v_sqlerr);
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('删除记录成功！');
END IF;
END IF;
END;
select * from emp;
--创建包emp_package
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_package
IS
TYPE emp_table_type IS TABLE OF emp%ROWTYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
PROCEDURE read_emp_table(p_emp_table OUT emp_table_type);
END emp_package;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_package
IS
PROCEDURE read_emp_table(p_emp_table OUT emp_table_type)
IS
I BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
FOR emp_record IN ( SELECT * FROM emp ) LOOP
P_emp_table(i) := emp_record;
I := I + 1;
END LOOP;
END read_emp_table;
END emp_package;
DECLARE
E_table emp_package.emp_table_type;
BEGIN
Emp_package.read_emp_table(e_table);
FOR I IN e_table.FIRST .. e_table.LAST LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(e_table(i).empno||'---'||e_table(i).ename);
END LOOP;
END;
--子程序重载
--PL/SQL 允许对包内子程序和本地子程序进行重载。所谓重载时指两个或多个子程序有相同
--的名称，但拥有不同的参数变量、参数顺序或参数数据类型。
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE demo_pack1
IS
DeptRec dept%ROWTYPE;
V_sqlcode NUMBER;
V_sqlerr VARCHAR2(2048);
FUNCTION query_dept(dept_no IN NUMBER)
RETURN INTEGER;
FUNCTION
query_dept(dept_no IN VARCHAR2)
RETURN INTEGER;
END demo_pack1;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY demo_pack1
IS
FUNCTION check_dept(dept_no NUMBER)
RETURN INTEGER
IS
Flag INTEGER;
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO flag FROM dept WHERE deptno=dept_no;
IF flag > 0 THEN
RETURN 1;
ELSE
RETURN 0;
END IF;
END check_dept;
FUNCTION check_dept(dept_no VARCHAR2)
RETURN INTEGER
IS
Flag INTEGER;
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO flag FROM dept WHERE deptno=dept_no;
IF flag > 0 THEN
RETURN 1;
ELSE
RETURN 0;
END IF;
END check_dept;
FUNCTION query_dept(dept_no IN NUMBER)
RETURN INTEGER
IS
BEGIN
IF check_dept(dept_no)=1 THEN
SELECT * INTO DeptRec FROM dept WHERE deptno=dept_no;
RETURN 1;
ELSE
RETURN 0;
END IF;
END query_dept;
FUNCTION query_dept(dept_no IN VARCHAR2)
RETURN INTEGER
IS
BEGIN
IF check_dept(dept_no)=1 THEN
SELECT * INTO DeptRec FROM dept WHERE deptno=dept_no;
RETURN 1;
ELSE
RETURN 0;
END IF;
END query_dept;
END demo_pack1;
--删除包
DROP PACKAGE demo_pack1;
--包的管理
select * from DBA_SOURCE;
select * from USER_SOURCE;
select * from USER_ERRORS;
select * from DBA_OBJECTS;
select * from emp;
select * from emp_his;
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,hiredate,comm,job,deptno) values(100,'Test',30.5,sysdate,10,'president',1);
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,hiredate,comm,job,deptno) values(7788,'Test2',100.23,sysdate,10.2,'manager',2);
CREATE TABLE emp_his AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE 1=2;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER del_emp
BEFORE DELETE ON HAIYA1.emp FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
--将修改前数据插入到日志记录表del_emp ,以供监督使用。
INSERT INTO emp_his(deptno, empno, ename, job, sal, comm, hiredate)
VALUES( :old.deptno, :old.empno, :old.ename , :old.job, :old.sal, :old.comm, :old.hiredate );
END;
--删除记录触发触发器
DELETE emp WHERE empno=7788;
DROP TABLE emp_his;
DROP TRIGGER del_emp;
--创建替代(Instead_of)触发器
--我们可以创建INSTEAD_OF 触发器来为DELETE 操作执行所需的处理，即删除EMP表中所有基准行
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_view AS
SELECT deptno, count(*) total_employeer, sum(sal) total_salary FROM emp GROUP BY deptno;
select * from emp_view;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER emp_view_delete
INSTEAD OF DELETE ON emp_view FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp WHERE deptno= :old.deptno;
END emp_view_delete;
DELETE FROM emp_view WHERE deptno=1;
DROP TRIGGER emp_view_delete;
DROP VIEW emp_view;
--改变一个触发器的状态
ALTER TRIGGER del_emp DISABLE;
ALTER TRIGGER del_emp ENABLE;
--使表EMP上的所有TRIGGER失效/生效
ALTER TABLE emp DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
ALTER TABLE emp ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
--触发器和数据字典
SELECT TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_TYPE, TRIGGERING_EVENT,TABLE_OWNER, BASE_OBJECT_TYPE, REFERENCING_NAMES,STATUS, ACTION_TYPE
FROM user_triggers;
--数据库触发器的应用举例
BEGIN
--创建用于记录事件日志的数据表
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE TABLE eventlog(
Eventname VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
Eventdate date default sysdate,
Inst_num NUMBER NULL,
Db_name VARCHAR2(50) NULL,
Srv_error NUMBER NULL,
Username VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
Obj_type VARCHAR2(20) NULL,
Obj_name VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
Obj_owner VARCHAR2(30) NULL
)
');
--创建DDL 触发器trig4_ddl
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig_ddl
AFTER CREATE OR ALTER OR DROP
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Typ VARCHAR2(20);
Name VARCHAR2(30);
Owner VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
--读取DDL 事件属性
Event := SYSEVENT;
Typ := DICTIONARY_OBJ_TYPE;
Name := DICTIONARY_OBJ_NAME;
Owner := DICTIONARY_OBJ_OWNER;
--将事件属性插入到事件日志表中
INSERT INTO HAIYA1.eventlog(eventname,obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner) VALUES(event, typ, name, owner);
END;
');
--创建LOGON、STARTUP 和SERVERERROR 事件触发器
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig_after
AFTER LOGON OR STARTUP OR SERVERERROR
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Instance NUMBER;
Err_num NUMBER;
Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
User VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
Event := SYSEVENT;
IF
event = ''LOGON'' THEN
User := LOGIN_USER;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname,username)
VALUES(event, user);
ELSIF event = ''SERVERERROR'' THEN
Err_num := SERVER_ERROR(1);
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname,srv_error)
VALUES(event, err_num);
ELSE
Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname,inst_num, db_name) VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
END IF;
END;
');
--创建LOGOFF 和SHUTDOWN 事件触发器
DBMS_UTILITY.EXEC_DDL_STATEMENT('
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trig_before
BEFORE LOGOFF OR SHUTDOWN
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
Event VARCHAR2(20);
Instance NUMBER;
Dbname VARCHAR2(50);
User VARCHAR2(30);
BEGIN
Event := SYSEVENT;
IF event = ''LOGOFF'' THEN
User := LOGIN_USER;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname,username)
VALUES(event, user);
ELSE
Instance := INSTANCE_NUM;
Dbname := DATABASE_NAME;
INSERT INTO eventlog(eventname,inst_num, db_name) VALUES(event, instance, dbname);
END IF;
END;
');
END;
CREATE TABLE mydata(mydate NUMBER);
drop table mydata;
select * from mydata;
SELECT eventname, eventdate, obj_type, obj_name, obj_owner, username, Srv_error
FROM eventlog;
select * from eventlog;
drop table eventlog;
delete eventlog;
--删除触发器
DROP TRIGGER trig_ddl;
DROP TRIGGER trig_before;
DROP TRIGGER trig_after;
--删除记录事件日志的数据表
DROP TABLE eventlog;
