Java注解应用实例 - Annotation, 自定义注解, 注解类规则
本文介绍了java的自定义注解及注解类编写的规则, 并通过实例来说明下如何使用java的注解. 实例演示了注解在类,构造方法,方法和字段的使用. 可以从这里下载到完成的工程代码: http://dl.iteye.com/topics/download/f74972df-234f-30c9-aadd-ca2ed1376bc2
自定义注解类编写的一些规则:
1. Annotation型定义为@interface, 所有的Annotation会自动继承java.lang.Annotation这一接口,并且不能再去继承别的类或是接口.
2. 参数成员只能用public或默认(default)这两个访问权修饰
3. 参数成员只能用基本类型byte,short,char,int,long,float,double,boolean八种基本数据类型和String、Enum、Class、annotations等数据类型,以及这一些类型的数组.
4. 要获取类方法和字段的注解信息，必须通过Java的反射技术来获取 Annotation对象,因为你除此之外没有别的获取注解对象的方法
5. 注解也可以没有定义成员, 不过这样注解就没啥用了
自定义注解类时, 可以指定目标 (类、方法、字段, 构造函数等) , 注解的生命周期(运行时,class文件或者源码中有效), 是否将注解包含在javadoc中及是否允许子类继承父类中的注解, 具体如下:
1. @Target 表示该注解目标,可能的 ElemenetType 参数包括:
ElemenetType.CONSTRUCTOR 构造器声明 ElemenetType.FIELD 域声明(包括 enum 实例) ElemenetType.LOCAL_VARIABLE 局部变量声明 ElemenetType.METHOD 方法声明 ElemenetType.PACKAGE 包声明 ElemenetType.PARAMETER 参数声明 ElemenetType.TYPE 类，接口(包括注解类型)或enum声明2. @Retention 表示该注解的生命周期,可选的 RetentionPolicy 参数包括
RetentionPolicy.SOURCE 注解将被编译器丢弃 RetentionPolicy.CLASS 注解在class文件中可用，但会被VM丢弃 RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME VM将在运行期也保留注释，因此可以通过反射机制读取注解的信息
好, 该介绍的介绍了, 看下自定义的注解应用实例:3. @Documented 指示将此注解包含在 javadoc 中
4. @Inherited 指示允许子类继承父类中的注解
1. 首先看下定义的注解类:
类注解定义, MyClassAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
/**
* Author: Jiangtao He; Email: [email protected]
* Date: 2012-1-29
* Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0
* Description: class annotation
*/
@Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target (ElementType.TYPE)
public @interface MyClassAnnotation
{
String uri();
String desc();
}
默认构造方法注解定义,MyConstructorAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
/**
* Author: Jiangtao He; Email: [email protected]
* Date: 2012-1-29
* Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0
* Description: Constructor annotation
*/
@Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target (ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR)
public @interface MyConstructorAnnotation
{
String uri();
String desc();
}
方法注解定义,MyMethodAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
/**
* Author: Jiangtao He; Email: [email protected]
* Date: 2012-1-29
* Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0
* Description: method annotation
*/
@Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target (ElementType.METHOD)
public @interface MyMethodAnnotation
{
String uri();
String desc();
}
字段注解定义, MyFieldAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
/**
* Author: Jiangtao He; Email: [email protected]
* Date: 2012-1-29
* Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0
* Description: field annotation
*/
@Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target (ElementType.FIELD)
public @interface MyFieldAnnotation
{
String uri();
String desc();
}
2. 再看下我们注解的应用和测试:
在类上面使用了MyClassAnnotation注解, 默认构造方法上使用了MyConstructorAnnotation注解, 自定义方法上使用了MyMethodAnnotation注解, 自定义字段上使用了MyFieldAnnotation注解, 在Mail函数中则实现了访问这些注解,并打印注解信息.
MySample.java:
package com.ross.annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
/**
* Author: Jiangtao He; Email: [email protected]
* Date: 2012-1-29
* Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0
* Description: This class is used to show how to use the annotation of each level
*/
@MyClassAnnotation (uri = "com.ross.MySample" , desc = "The class name" )
public class MySample
{
@MyFieldAnnotation (uri = "com.ross.MySample#id" , desc = "The class field" )
public String id;
/**
* Description: default constructor
*/
@MyConstructorAnnotation (uri = "com.ross.MySample#MySample" , desc = "The default constuctor" )
public MySample()
{
}
/**
* Description: normal method
*/
@MyMethodAnnotation (uri = "com.ross.MySample#setId" , desc = "The class method" )
public void setId(String id)
{
this .id = id;
}
/**
* Description: MyAnnotation test
* @throws NoSuchMethodException
* @throws SecurityException
* @throws NoSuchFieldException
*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws SecurityException,
NoSuchMethodException, NoSuchFieldException
{
MySample oMySample = new MySample();
// get class annotation
MyClassAnnotation oMyAnnotation = MySample.class
.getAnnotation(MyClassAnnotation.class );
System.out.println("Class's uri: " + oMyAnnotation.uri() + "; desc: "
+ oMyAnnotation.desc());
// get constructor annotation
Constructor oConstructor = oMySample.getClass().getConstructor();
MyConstructorAnnotation oMyConstructorAnnotation = (MyConstructorAnnotation) oConstructor
.getAnnotation(MyConstructorAnnotation.class );
System.out.println("Constructor's uri: "
+ oMyConstructorAnnotation.uri() + "; desc: "
+ oMyConstructorAnnotation.desc());
// get method annotation
Method oMethod = oMySample.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("setId" ,String. class );
MyMethodAnnotation oMyMethodAnnotation = oMethod
.getAnnotation(MyMethodAnnotation.class );
System.out.println("Method's uri: " + oMyMethodAnnotation.uri()
+ "; desc: " + oMyMethodAnnotation.desc());
// get field annotation
Field oField = oMySample.getClass().getDeclaredField("id" );
MyFieldAnnotation oMyFieldAnnotation = oField
.getAnnotation(MyFieldAnnotation.class );
System.out.println("Field's uri: " + oMyFieldAnnotation.uri()
+ "; desc: " + oMyFieldAnnotation.desc());
}
}
控制台打印结果:
Class's uri: com.ross.MySample; desc: The class name
Constructor's uri: com.ross.MySample#MySample; desc: The default constuctor
Method's uri: com.ross.MySample#setId; desc: The class method
Field's uri: com.ross.MySample#id; desc: The class field
至此本实例就完成了, 其实就是抓住两点一个是定义注解类,另外一个是如何访问注解, 就算是学会了
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