Objective-C 编程语言官网文档（八）-快速枚举
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尽量尊重原文档，因为首次Objective-C,有些地方可能直译了没有注意该语言的专有词，希望指正。如需转载，请注明出处
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IDE：XCODE4.3.1
OS: MAC OS X 10.7.4
文章来译自：http://developer.apple.com/
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快速枚举
快速枚举是一种语言特性，让我们可以高效并且安全的使用简明的语法来迭代集合的内容。
for…语法
快速枚举的语法定义如下
for ( Type newVariable in expression ) { statements } |
或者
Type existingItem; |
for ( existingItem in expression ) { statements } |
在上述两种情况中，表达式生成了一个遵循 NSFastEnumeration 协议的对象 (参见 “Adopting Fast Enumeration”). 迭代的变量在每次循环中为声明的对象设置 。当循环结束时，迭代的变量被设为 nil 。要是循环提前结束，那么迭代变量被遗弃，指向最后迭代的对象。
使用快速枚举的好处：
-
枚举相比其它方式更加高效，例如
NSEnumerator. -
语法更加简明
-
枚举的使用是“安全的”—枚举器有一个突变守卫，因此当你在枚举进行中试图驱修改集合时，就会有一个异常被抛出。
因为迭代过程中的对象的改变是禁止的，故此你可以并发的执行多个迭代。
另一方面，这个特性的行为很像一个标准的 for 循环。你可以使用 break 来终止迭代或者使用 continue 来跳出本次循环跳到下个元素。
采用（适配）快速枚举
如果一个类的实例提供了访问其它对象集合的方法，那么这个类就可以采用 NSFastEnumeration 协议. 在 Foundation 框架中的集合类—NSArray, NSDictionary 以及 NSSet—就采用了这个协议，就像 NSEnumerator. 很显然，在 NSArray 和 NSSet 中，枚举是针对它们的内容。对于其它的类，响应的文档应当明确哪个属性是用来迭代的。例如，NSDictionary 以及 Core Data 类， NSManagedObjectModel 提供了对快速迭代的支持; NSDictionary 枚举它的键， NSManagedObjectModel 枚举它的实体。
快速枚举的使用
下面的例子向我们展示了如何 NSArray 和 NSDictionary 对象是如何使用快速枚举的.
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: |
@"one", @"two", @"three", @"four", nil]; |
| |
for (NSString *element in array) { |
NSLog(@"element: %@", element); |
} |
| |
NSDictionary *dictionary = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys: |
@"quattuor", @"four", @"quinque", @"five", @"sex", @"six", nil]; |
| |
NSString *key; |
for (key in dictionary) { |
NSLog(@"English: %@, Latin: %@", key, [dictionary objectForKey:key]); |
} |
你也可以使用 NSEnumerator 对象来做快速枚举
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: |
@"one", @"two", @"three", @"four", nil]; |
| |
NSEnumerator *enumerator = [array reverseObjectEnumerator]; |
for (NSString *element in enumerator) { |
if ([element isEqualToString:@"three"]) { |
break; |
} |
} |
| |
NSString *next = [enumerator nextObject]; |
// next = "two" |
如果你想要使用下标，那么你定义一个变量，然后在枚举里自增计数就好了
NSArray *array = <#Get an array#>; |
NSUInteger index = 0; |
| |
for (id element in array) { |
NSLog(@"Element at index %u is: %@", index, element); |
index++; |
} |
英文原文：点击打开链接
Fast Enumeration
Fast enumeration is a language feature that allows you to efficiently and safely enumerate over the contents of a collection using a concise syntax.
The for…in Syntax
The syntax for fast enumeration is defined as follows:
for ( Type newVariable in expression ) { statements } |
or
Type existingItem; |
for ( existingItem in expression ) { statements } |
In both cases, expression yields an object that conforms to the NSFastEnumeration protocol (see “Adopting Fast Enumeration”). The iterating variable is set to each item in the returned object in turn, and the code defined bystatements is executed. The iterating variable is set to nil when the loop ends by exhausting the source pool of objects. If the loop is terminated early, the iterating variable is left pointing to the last iteration item.
There are several advantages to using fast enumeration:
-
The enumeration is considerably more efficient than, for example, using
NSEnumeratordirectly. -
The syntax is concise.
-
Enumeration is “safe”—the enumerator has a mutation guard so that if you attempt to modify the collection during enumeration, an exception is raised.
Because mutation of the object during iteration is forbidden, you can perform multiple enumerations concurrently.
In other respects, the feature behaves like a standard for loop. You can use break to interrupt the iteration andcontinue to advance to the next element.
Adopting Fast Enumeration
Any class whose instances provide access to a collection of other objects can adopt the NSFastEnumerationprotocol. The collection classes in the Foundation framework—NSArray, NSDictionary, and NSSet—adopt this protocol, as does NSEnumerator. It should be obvious that in the cases of NSArray and NSSet the enumeration is over their contents. For other classes, the corresponding documentation should make clear what property is iterated over—for example, NSDictionary and the Core Data class NSManagedObjectModel provide support for fast enumeration; NSDictionary enumerates its keys, and NSManagedObjectModel enumerates its entities.
Using Fast Enumeration
The following code example illustrates using fast enumeration with NSArray and NSDictionary objects.
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: |
@"one", @"two", @"three", @"four", nil]; |
| |
for (NSString *element in array) { |
NSLog(@"element: %@", element); |
} |
| |
NSDictionary *dictionary = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys: |
@"quattuor", @"four", @"quinque", @"five", @"sex", @"six", nil]; |
| |
NSString *key; |
for (key in dictionary) { |
NSLog(@"English: %@, Latin: %@", key, [dictionary objectForKey:key]); |
} |
You can also use NSEnumerator objects with fast enumeration, as illustrated in this example:
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: |
@"one", @"two", @"three", @"four", nil]; |
| |
NSEnumerator *enumerator = [array reverseObjectEnumerator]; |
for (NSString *element in enumerator) { |
if ([element isEqualToString:@"three"]) { |
break; |
} |
} |
| |
NSString *next = [enumerator nextObject]; |
// next = "two" |
For collections or enumerators that have a well-defined order—such as an NSArray or an NSEnumerator instance derived from an array—the enumeration proceeds in that order, so simply counting iterations gives you the proper index into the collection if you need it.
NSArray *array = <#Get an array#>; |
NSUInteger index = 0; |
| |
for (id element in array) { |
NSLog(@"Element at index %u is: %@", index, element); |
index++; |
} |