MySQL(114)如何进行数据库负载均衡?

为了进行数据库负载均衡,我们可以使用Spring Boot和MySQL,并结合AbstractRoutingDataSource来实现数据源的动态切换。下面的实现包括配置多数据源、定义数据源上下文和实现负载均衡策略(如轮询和随机)。

项目依赖

首先在pom.xml中添加必要的依赖:

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpaartifactId>
    dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>mysqlgroupId>
        <artifactId>mysql-connector-javaartifactId>
    dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webartifactId>
    dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-aopartifactId>
    dependency>
dependencies>

数据源配置

配置主库和从库的数据源,并设置一个路由数据源来进行读写分离及负载均衡:

import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.lookup.AbstractRoutingDataSource;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.EnableTransactionManagement;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

@Configuration
@EnableTransactionManagement
public class DataSourceConfig {

    @Bean(name = "masterDataSource")
    public DataSource masterDataSource() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create()
                .url("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db_master")
                .username("root")
                .password("password")
                .driverClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver")
                .build();
    }

    @Bean(name = "slaveDataSource1")
    public DataSource slaveDataSource1() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create()
                .url("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db_slave1")
                .username("root")
                .password("password")
                .driverClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver")
                .build();
    }

    @Bean(name = "slaveDataSource2")
    public DataSource slaveDataSource2() {
        return DataSourceBuilder.create()
                .url("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db_slave2")
                .username("root")
                .password("password")
                .driverClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver")
                .build();
    }

    @Bean
    public DataSource routingDataSource(@Qualifier("masterDataSource") DataSource masterDataSource,
                                        @Qualifier("slaveDataSource1") DataSource slaveDataSource1,
                                        @Qualifier("slaveDataSource2") DataSource slaveDataSource2) {
        AbstractRoutingDataSource routingDataSource = new AbstractRoutingDataSource() {
            @Override
            protected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() {
                return DbContextHolder.getDbType();
            }
        };

        Map<Object, Object> dataSourceMap = new HashMap<>();
        dataSourceMap.put(DbType.MASTER, masterDataSource);
        dataSourceMap.put(DbType.SLAVE1, slaveDataSource1);
        dataSourceMap.put(DbType.SLAVE2, slaveDataSource2);

        routingDataSource.setDefaultTargetDataSource(masterDataSource);
        routingDataSource.setTargetDataSources(dataSourceMap);
        return routingDataSource;
    }

    @Bean
    public JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate(DataSource dataSource) {
        return new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
    }
}

数据源上下文

定义一个上下文类来存储当前的数据库类型(主库或从库):

public class DbContextHolder {
    private static final ThreadLocal<DbType> contextHolder = new ThreadLocal<>();

    public static void setDbType(DbType dbType) {
        contextHolder.set(dbType);
    }

    public static DbType getDbType() {
        return contextHolder.get();
    }

    public static void clearDbType() {
        contextHolder.remove();
    }
}

public enum DbType {
    MASTER,
    SLAVE1,
    SLAVE2
}

负载均衡策略实现

在AOP切面类中实现负载均衡策略。在读操作前选择合适的从库。

轮询策略
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;

@Aspect
@Component
public class DataSourceAspect {

    private AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);

    @Before("execution(* com.example.service.*.find*(..)) || execution(* com.example.service.*.get*(..))")
    public void setReadDataSourceType() {
        int index = counter.incrementAndGet() % 2;
        if (index == 0) {
            DbContextHolder.setDbType(DbType.SLAVE1);
        } else {
            DbContextHolder.setDbType(DbType.SLAVE2);
        }
    }

    @Before("execution(* com.example.service.*.insert*(..)) || execution(* com.example.service.*.update*(..)) || execution(* com.example.service.*.delete*(..))")
    public void setWriteDataSourceType() {
        DbContextHolder.setDbType(DbType.MASTER);
    }
}
随机策略
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.Random;

@Aspect
@Component
public class DataSourceAspect {

    private Random random = new Random();

    @Before("execution(* com.example.service.*.find*(..)) || execution(* com.example.service.*.get*(..))")
    public void setReadDataSourceType() {
        int index = random.nextInt(2);
        if (index == 0) {
            DbContextHolder.setDbType(DbType.SLAVE1);
        } else {
            DbContextHolder.setDbType(DbType.SLAVE2);
        }
    }

    @Before("execution(* com.example.service.*.insert*(..)) || execution(* com.example.service.*.update*(..)) || execution(* com.example.service.*.delete*(..))")
    public void setWriteDataSourceType() {
        DbContextHolder.setDbType(DbType.MASTER);
    }
}

数据库操作服务实现

实现具体的数据库操作服务类:

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;

import java.util.List;

@Service
public class OrderService {

    @Autowired
    private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

    @Transactional
    public void insertOrder(String orderId, String productName, double price) {
        String sql = "INSERT INTO orders (order_id, product_name, price) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
        jdbcTemplate.update(sql, orderId, productName, price);
    }

    public List<Order> getOrdersByProductName(String productName) {
        String sql = "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE product_name = ?";
        return jdbcTemplate.query(sql, new Object[]{productName}, (rs, rowNum) ->
                new Order(rs.getString("order_id"), rs.getString("product_name"), rs.getDouble("price")));
    }
}

测试负载均衡

通过调用OrderService中的方法进行测试:

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.List;

@Component
public class TestRunner implements CommandLineRunner {

    @Autowired
    private OrderService orderService;

    @Override
    public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
        // 插入数据
        orderService.insertOrder("order1", "Product A", 100.0);

        // 查询数据
        List<Order> orders = orderService.getOrdersByProductName("Product A");
        orders.forEach(System.out::println);
    }
}

结论

通过以上步骤,我们展示了如何实现数据库的负载均衡。关键点如下:

  1. 数据源配置:配置主库和从库的数据源,并设置路由数据源来进行读写分离。
  2. 数据源上下文:定义一个上下文类来存储当前的数据库类型(主库或从库)。
  3. 负载均衡策略实现:在AOP切面中实现不同的负载均衡策略,如轮询和随机。
  4. 数据库操作服务实现:实现具体的数据库操作服务类,通过JdbcTemplate进行数据库操作。

这种方法可以有效地实现数据库负载均衡,提高系统的性能和可扩展性。你可以根据实际需求选择和调整负载均衡策略。

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