Canada cultural genocide

What to know about Canada's residential schools and the hundreds of unmarked graves found nearby

关于加拿大寄宿学校及周边发现的数百座无名坟墓,你需要知道什么?


For the second time in less than a month, a First Nation in Canada reported grim news: Ground-penetrating radar had uncovered evidence of hundreds of unmarked graves near a former residential school for Indigenous children.***

在不到一个月的时间里,加拿大的一个第一民族族群又一次报道了让人心碎的消息:探地雷达在一所前原住民儿童寄宿学校附近发现了数百个无名坟墓的痕迹。

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The two discoveries in British Columbia and Saskatchewan have left the country reeling.

在不列颠哥伦比亚省和萨斯喀彻温省的这两个发现令加拿大举国震惊。

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- What was the residential school system?

- 寄宿学校制度是什么?

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Residential schools were government-funded, often church-run boarding schools set up in the 19th century with the primary aim of assimilating Indigenous children.

寄宿学校建立于 19 世纪,由政府资助,通常是由教会运营,主要目的是为了同化原住民儿童。

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About 150,000 Indigenous children were sent to the schools, often forcibly, where they were barred from speaking their languages and practicing their traditions. Many faced physical and sexual abuse.

大约有 15 万名原住民儿童被送到这些学校(通常是强制性地)。那里禁止他们说母语,也不允许他们践行自己的传统习俗。很多人都遭受了肉体摧残和性虐待。

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Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission said in its 2015 report that what happened at the schools was akin to "cultural genocide."

加拿大真相与和解委员会在 2015 年的报告中称,在这些学校发生的事和“文化灭绝”没什么两样。

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- How did children at residential schools die?

- 寄宿学校的孩子们是怎么死亡的?

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Children died of diseases, including tuberculosis, which spread rapidly in the unsanitary buildings and among malnourished students. Others died in accidents, in fires or by suicide. Some disappeared while running away.

孩子们死于各种疾病,包括肺结核。这些疾病在不卫生的校舍和营养不良的学生中迅速蔓延开。其他人死于意外事故、火灾或者自杀。有些人在逃跑时失踪了。

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To save money, children were often buried in unmarked graves on or near school grounds.

为了省钱,孩子们通常被埋在学校场地上或附近的无名坟墓里。

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- What has been the response from governments and the church?

- 政府和教会作何反应?

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The federal government said it would urgently distribute about $22 million to help Indigenous groups find unmarked graves, identify the missing and commemorate them.

加拿大联邦政府表示,将紧急分发大约 2200 万美元来帮助原住民群体寻找无名坟墓,辨认失踪的人,并纪念他们。

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The Pope has come under mounting pressure to apologize for the Catholic Church's role in the residential school system. Some Catholic orders that ran the schools and leaders of the Anglican and United churches in Canada, which also operated schools, have apologized.*** Pope Francis has not.

教皇面临的压力与日俱增,需要为天主教会在寄宿学校系统中扮演的角色道歉。一些管理过这些学校的天主教会,以及同样运营寄宿学校的加拿大圣公会和联合教会的领导人,已经为此道歉了。但是教皇方济各仍未道歉。

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主编:Raven、虾仁

品控:Raven

审核:Amy

Photo Credit: "215 forgotten children in an unmarked gr" (CC BY-ND 2.0) by Thomas_H_foto

重点词汇

grim

/ɡrɪm/

adj. 令人担忧的,令人沮丧的;严肃的,阴冷的

搭配短语:grim prospect(前景黯淡)

例句:He looks grim.(他看起来很阴冷、严肃。)

uncover

/ʌnˈkʌv.ɚ/

v. 发现(秘密或隐藏物),揭露

相关词汇:cover(v. 遮盖)

词根词缀:un-(表示“否定、相反”)

搭配短语:to uncover the truth

搭配短语:to uncover a plot

indigenous

/ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ə.nəs/

adj. 土著的,原住民的;本土的

搭配短语:indigenous plants(本土品种的植物)

搭配短语:indigenous people((某地的)本地人)

文化补充:首字母大写的 Indigenous (people) 特指历史上受到殖民者奴役、甚至屠杀的北美原住民。

reel

/rɪəl/

v.(因为突然受到打击而)震惊,不知所措;踉跄,趔趄

搭配短语:to reel backwards(踉跄后退)

搭配短语:to reel with

例句:I was reeling with shock.

assimilate

/əˈsɪm.ə.leɪt/

v.(使)同化,(使)相似

相关词汇:similar(adj. 相似的)

英文释义:to become part of a group, country or society

搭配短语:to assimilate into

例句:I have not yet assimilated fully into the office culture.

forcibly

/ˈfɔːr.sə.bli/

adv. 强制地,用武力地

相关词汇:force(v. 强迫,迫使)

相关词汇:forcible(adj. 强行的)

bar

/bɑːr/

v. 禁止;阻挡,阻挠

词性拓展:bar(n. 栏杆;酒吧)

搭配短语:to bar sb. from doing sth.

例句:Didi was barred from appearing in app stores.

akin

/əˈkɪn/

adj. 相似的,类似的

相关词汇:kin(n. 亲属)

词根词缀:a-(相当于 of,表示从属)

英文释义:of kin(和亲属有关的,引申为“相似的”)

搭配短语:be akin to

例句:His interests are akin to mine.

genocide

/ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd/

n.(尤指对整个民族、种族或宗教团体的)大屠杀,种族灭绝

词根词缀:geno(表示 race “种族”)

词根词缀:-cide(表示“杀”)

相关词汇:suicide(n. / v. 自杀)

文化补充:genocide 指对一个民族或种族蓄意的、系统的屠杀行为。历史上可以被成为 genocide 的事件包括对美洲大陆印第安人的屠杀、二战期间对犹太人的屠杀和 20 世纪 90 年代的卢旺达种族大屠杀等。

tuberculosis

/tuːˌbɝː.kjəˈloʊ.sɪs/

n. 结核病,(尤指)肺结核

词源:来自于拉丁语 tuberculum(表示“小的结节、结块”)。

文化补充:结核病(Tuberculosis,又称 TB)为结核杆菌感染引起的疾病。结核病属于空气传播疾病,病原体会借由开放性结核患者咳嗽、打喷嚏,或说话过程中所产生的飞沫散布。

18 世纪、19 世纪,结核病在欧洲成为流行病。19 世纪,结核病大约杀死了四分之一的欧洲成年人口;到了 19 世纪末,欧洲和北美地区约 70–90% 的城市人口携带结核杆菌,而发病的人口中 80% 死亡。世界各地都不乏死于肺结核的历史名人,比如中国作家鲁迅、电影《乱世佳人》的演员费雯丽、英国诗人约翰·济慈和作家勃朗特姐妹、法国作家莫里哀和伏尔泰等等。

unsanitary

/ˌʌnˈsæn.ə.ter.i/

adj. 不卫生的,不干净的

词根词缀:un-(表示“否定”)

相关词汇:sanitary(adj. 清洁的,卫生的)

例句:Unsanitary conditions may have made Indians more immune to COVID-19.

malnourished

/ˌmælˈnɝː.ɪʃt/

adj. 营养不良的

相关词汇:nourish(v. 滋养,养育)

搭配短语:nourish your skin or body

搭配短语:nourish your soul

词根词缀:mal-(表示“否定”)

commemorate

/kəˈmem.ə.reɪt/

v.(尤指举行公开仪式或竖立雕塑或专门建筑)纪念,缅怀

相关词汇:memory(n. 记忆)

词根词缀:com-(表示“一起,共同”)

例句:People at home and abroad commemorate Yuan Longping for his irreplaceable contribution to food safety.

相关词汇:irreplaceable(adj. 不能替代的)

come under sth.

突然体验,突然受到

英文释义:suddenly experience or suffer something

搭配短语:come under fire(遭受炮火攻击;遭受批评)

mounting

/ˈmaʊn.t̬ɪŋ/

adj. 增加的;加剧的

相关词汇:mount(v. 增加,上升)

搭配短语:mount up(逐渐增加,增长)

搭配短语:to deal with mounting regulatory requirements

order

/ˈɔːr.dɚ/

n.(按照一定规范生活的)宗教团体;订单;命令

英文释义:a group of people who join together for religious or similar reasons and live according to particular rules

例句:The ancient Shaolin order is a well-known Chinese Buddhist order.

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