C++标准库中包含一个string类,提供了一套封装好的数据以及处理这些数据的函数。为了熟悉这个类的内存管理情况,实现一下自定义的String类,涉及构造函数、复制构造函数、析构函数、重载运算符的操作,主要关注其内部指针的内存的重分配。
(1)代码String.h:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; //自定义String类,系统是string类 class String { public: String(); //默认构造函数,用于创建空字符串 ~String(); //析构函数 String(const char*const cstr); //构造函数,带一个参数用来初始化字符串 String(const String &rs); //复制构造函数,默认是浅层复制,需重载 char& operator[](unsigned int length); //重载下标运算符[] char operator[](unsigned int length)const; //重载下标运算符[](const版本) String &operator=(const String &rs); //重载复制运算符=,用于两个字符串之间的赋值 String operator+(const String &rs); //重载加法运算符+ String operator+=(const String &rs); //重载组合运算符+= friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output, const String &str); //重载输出流运算符<< friend istream &operator>>(istream &input, String &str); //重载输入流运算符>> friend bool operator<(const String&str1,const String &str2); //重载小于运算符< friend bool operator>(const String&str1,const String &str2); //重载大于运算符> friend bool operator==(const String&str1,const String &str2); //重载等于运算符== unsigned int getlen()const; //获取字符串长度 const char*getstr()const; //获取字符串 //int operator++(){cout<<"++i\n";tmp++;return tmp;} //int的重载自加运算符 //int operator++(int){cout<<"i++\n";int tmp=rs;rs++;return tmp;} protected: private: unsigned int len; char *str; };
(2)代码String.cpp:
#include <string.h> #include "String.h" #include <stdio.h> //默认构造函数,用于创建空字符串 String::String() { cout<<"---String constructor---"<<endl; len = 0; str = new char[1]; str[0] = '\0'; } //析构函数 String::~String() { //cout<<"---String destructor---"<<endl; delete []str; len=0; } //构造函数,带一个参数用来初始化字符串 String::String(const char*const cstr) { /*len = strlen(cstr); str = new char[len+1]; for (unsigned int i =0; i < len; i++) { str[i] = cstr[i]; } str[len]='\0';*/ cout<<"---String constructor:char*---"<<endl; if (cstr == NULL) { len = 0; str = new char[1]; memset(str, 0, len+1); if (str == NULL) return; } else { len = strlen(cstr); str = new char[len + 1]; memset(str, 0, len+1); if (str == NULL) return; strncpy(str, cstr, len); } } //复制构造函数,默认是浅层复制,需重载 String::String(const String &rs) { cout<<"---String copy constructor---"<<endl; len = rs.getlen(); str = new char[len + 1]; for(unsigned int i = 0 ;i < len; i++) { str[i] = rs.str[i]; } str[len] = '\0'; /*len = rs.getlen(); str = new char[len+1]; if (str == NULL) return; strcpy(str, rs.str);*/ } //重载下标运算符[] char&String::operator[](unsigned int length) { if(length>len) return str[len-1]; else return str[length]; } //重载下标运算符[](const版本) char String::operator[](unsigned int length)const { //cout<<"String::operator[] const"<<endl; if(length>len) return str[len-1]; else return str[length]; } //重载复制运算符=,用于两个字符串之间的赋值 String &String::operator=(const String &rs) { cout<<"String::operator="<<endl; if (this == &rs) return *this; delete []str; len = rs.getlen(); str = new char[len + 1]; for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) { str[i] = rs[i]; //重载下标运算符[]才可使用 //str[i] = rs.str[i]; } str[len] = '\0'; return *this; } //重载加法运算符+ String String::operator+(const String &rs) { /*char *st= new char[len + rs.getlen() + 1]; memset(st, 0, len + rs.getlen() + 1); strcat(st, str); strcat(st, rs.str); return String(st);*/ cout<<"String::operator+"<<endl; unsigned int total = len + rs.getlen(); char *tmpstr = new char[total + 1]; unsigned int i, j; for (i = 0; i < len; i++) { tmpstr[i] = str[i]; } for( j = 0; j < rs.getlen(); j++, i++) { tmpstr[i] = rs[j]; } tmpstr[total] ='\0'; String st(tmpstr); delete tmpstr; tmpstr = NULL; return st; } //重载组合运算符+= String String::operator+=(const String &rs) { cout<<"String::operator+="<<endl; int total = len + rs.getlen(); //delete []str; char *tmpstr = new char[total + 1]; unsigned int i,j; for(i = 0; i < len; i++) { tmpstr[i] = str[i]; } for(j = 0; j < rs.getlen(); j++,i++) { tmpstr[i] = rs[j]; } tmpstr[total]='\0'; delete []str; str = new char[total + 1]; strncpy(str, tmpstr, total + 1); return *this; /* char *temp = str; len = len + rs.getlen(); str = new char[len + 1]; strcpy(str, temp); strcat(_str, rs.getstr()); delete[] temp; return *this;*/ } //重载输出流运算符<< ostream &operator<<(ostream &output, const String &str) { output<<str.str; return output; } //重载输入流运算符>> istream &operator>>(istream &input, String &str) { input>>str.str; return input; } //重载小于运算符< bool operator<(const String&str1,const String &str2) { if(strcmp(str1.str, str2.str) < 0) return 1; else return 0; } //重载大于运算符> bool operator>(const String&str1,const String &str2) { if(strcmp(str1.str, str2.str) > 0) return 1; else return 0; } //重载等于运算符== bool operator==(const String&str1,const String &str2) { if(strcmp(str1.str, str2.str) == 0) return 1; else return 0; } //获取字符串长度 unsigned int String::getlen()const { return len; } //获取字符串 const char*String::getstr()const { return str; }(3)代码main.cpp:
#include <iostream> #include <stdio.h> #include "String.h" using namespace std; int main() { String str1; //默认构造函数 String str2(NULL); //带参构造函数 String str3("helloworld"); //带参构造函数 cout<<"str3="<<str3.getstr()<<endl; String str4(str3); //复制构造函数 //String str4 = str3; //复制构造函数 cout<<"str4="<<str4.getstr()<<endl; const String str5("tai"); //重载下标运算符[](const版本) cout<<"str5[0]="<<str5[0]<<endl; String str6; str6 = str3; //重载复制运算符= cout<<"str6="<<str6.getstr()<<endl; String str7 = str3 + str5; //重载加法运算符+ cout<<"str7="<<str7.getstr()<<endl; String str8("123"); str8 += str7; //重载组合运算符+= cout<<"str8="<<str8.getstr()<<endl; String str9; cin>>str9; //重载输入流运算符>> cout<<"str9="<<str9<<endl; //重载输出流运算符<< String str10("compare String"); String str11("compare string"); int comp = str10 > str11; cout<< "str10大于str11:" << comp <<endl; return 0; }(3)makefile:
CFLAGS = -g DEFINED = #-D _VERSION LIBS = CC = g++ INCLUDES = -I./ OBJS= main.o String.o TARGET= main all:$(TARGET) $(TARGET):$(OBJS) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJS) .SUFFIXES:.o .h .SUFFIXES:.cpp .o .cpp.o: $(CC) $(DEFINED) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $< ok: ./$(TARGET) clean: rm -f $(OBJS) $(TARGET) core *.log
(Centos6.3系统中运行结果:)
(1)重载"="和"+="运算符的函数中,返回类型必须与类名一致,主要为了处理str1=str2=str3接连赋值的情况。
(2)重载[ ]运算符的函数有2个,const类型针对const String str5("tai"),非const类型对应于String str5("tai")。
(3)C++不能重载的运算符有五个:"."(成员访问运算符)、" .*"(成员指针访问运算符)、"::"(域运算符)、"siezof"(长度运算符)、" ?:"(条件运算符),其他的运算符重载感兴趣的可以自己添加。
(4)在linxu编译器下:
String String::operator+(const String &rs)测试String str1 = str2 + str3时,应该会调用复制构造函数,却没用调用,st地址却与str1地址相同,更离奇的是String &str1不能定义成引用,可能时编译器不同导致的。
(5)本文是一些总结,也有无法理解的地方,不足之处还请指出,在此先感谢!