git information
GIT-LOG(1) Git Manual GIT-LOG(1)
NAME
git-log - Show commit logs
SYNOPSIS
git log [<options>] [<since>..<until>] [[--] <path>...]
DESCRIPTION
Shows the commit logs.
The command takes options applicable to the git rev-list command to
control what is shown and how, and options applicable to the git diff-*
commands to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown.
OPTIONS
-p, -u
Generate patch (see section on generating patches).
-U<n>, --unified=<n>
Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the usual
three. Implies -p.
--raw
Generate the raw format.
--patch-with-raw
Synonym for -p --raw.
--patience
Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.
--stat[=width[,name-width]]
Generate a diffstat. You can override the default output width for
80-column terminal by --stat=width. The width of the filename part
can be controlled by giving another width to it separated by a
comma.
--numstat
Similar to --stat, but shows number of added and deleted lines in
decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more
machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two - instead of saying
0 0.
--shortstat
Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total
number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
lines.
--dirstat[=limit]
Output the distribution of relative amount of changes (number of
lines added or removed) for each sub-directory. Directories with
changes below a cut-off percent (3% by default) are not shown. The
cut-off percent can be set with --dirstat=limit. Changes in a child
directory is not counted for the parent directory, unless
--cumulative is used.
--dirstat-by-file[=limit]
Same as --dirstat, but counts changed files instead of lines.
--summary
Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as
creations, renames and mode changes.
--patch-with-stat
Synonym for -p --stat.
-z
Separate the commits with NULs instead of with new newlines.
Also, when --raw or --numstat has been given, do not munge
pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.
Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double
quotes, and backslash characters replaced with \t, \n, \", and \\,
respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if
any of those replacements occurred.
--name-only
Show only names of changed files.
--name-status
Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of
the --diff-filter option on what the status letters mean.
--submodule[=<format>]
Chose the output format for submodule differences. <format> can be
one of short and log. short just shows pairs of commit names, this
format is used when this option is not given. log is the default
value for this option and lists the commits in that commit range
like the summary option of git-submodule(1) does.
--color[=<when>]
Show colored diff. The value must be always (the default), never,
or auto.
--no-color
Turn off colored diff, even when the configuration file gives the
default to color output. Same as --color=never.
--color-words[=<regex>]
Show colored word diff, i.e., color words which have changed. By
default, words are separated by whitespace.
When a <regex> is specified, every non-overlapping match of the
<regex> is considered a word. Anything between these matches is
considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
differences. You may want to append |[^[:space:]] to your regular
expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace
characters. A match that contains a newline is silently
truncated(!) at the newline.
The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration
option, see gitattributes(1) or git-config(1). Giving it explicitly
overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers
override configuration settings.
--no-renames
Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives
the default to do so.
--check
Warn if changes introduce trailing whitespace or an indent that
uses a space before a tab. Exits with non-zero status if problems
are found. Not compatible with --exit-code.
--full-index
Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full pre- and
post-image blob object names on the "index" line when generating
patch format output.
--binary
In addition to --full-index, output a binary diff that can be
applied with git-apply.
--abbrev[=<n>]
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in
diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines, show only a
partial prefix. This is independent of the --full-index option
above, which controls the diff-patch output format. Non default
number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.
-B
Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create.
-M
Detect renames.
-C
Detect copies as well as renames. See also --find-copies-harder.
--diff-filter=[ACDMRTUXB*]
Select only files that are Added (A), Copied (C), Deleted (D),
Modified (M), Renamed (R), have their type (i.e. regular file,
symlink, submodule, ...) changed (T), are Unmerged (U), are Unknown
(X), or have had their pairing Broken (B). Any combination of the
filter characters may be used. When * (All-or-none) is added to the
combination, all paths are selected if there is any file that
matches other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that
matches other criteria, nothing is selected.
--find-copies-harder
For performance reasons, by default, -C option finds copies only if
the original file of the copy was modified in the same changeset.
This flag makes the command inspect unmodified files as candidates
for the source of copy. This is a very expensive operation for
large projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one -C
option has the same effect.
-l<num>
The -M and -C options require O(n^2) processing time where n is the
number of potential rename/copy targets. This option prevents
rename/copy detection from running if the number of rename/copy
targets exceeds the specified number.
-S<string>
Look for differences that introduce or remove an instance of
<string>. Note that this is different than the string simply
appearing in diff output; see the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7)
for more details.
--pickaxe-all
When -S finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not
just the files that contain the change in <string>.
--pickaxe-regex
Make the <string> not a plain string but an extended POSIX regex to
match.
-O<orderfile>
Output the patch in the order specified in the <orderfile>, which
has one shell glob pattern per line.
-R
Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk
file to tree contents.
--relative[=<path>]
When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be told to
exclude changes outside the directory and show pathnames relative
to it with this option. When you are not in a subdirectory (e.g. in
a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the
output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument.
-a, --text
Treat all files as text.
--ignore-space-at-eol
Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
-b, --ignore-space-change
Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at
line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more
whitespace characters to be equivalent.
-w, --ignore-all-space
Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.
--inter-hunk-context=<lines>
Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of
lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
--exit-code
Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1). That is, it
exits with 1 if there were differences and 0 means no differences.
--quiet
Disable all output of the program. Implies --exit-code.
--ext-diff
Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
external diff driver with gitattributes(5), you need to use this
option with git-log(1) and friends.
--no-ext-diff
Disallow external diff drivers.
--ignore-submodules
Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation.
--src-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".
--dst-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".
--no-prefix
Do not show any source or destination prefix.
For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
gitdiffcore(7).
-<n>
Limits the number of commits to show.
<since>..<until>
Show only commits between the named two commits. When either
<since> or <until> is omitted, it defaults to HEAD, i.e. the tip of
the current branch. For a more complete list of ways to spell
<since> and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in git-rev-
parse(1).
--decorate[=short|full]
Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If short is
specified, the ref name prefixes refs/heads/, refs/tags/ and
refs/remotes/ will not be printed. If full is specified, the full
ref name (including prefix) will be printed. The default option is
short.
--source
Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each
commit was reached.
--full-diff
Without this flag, "git log -p <path>..." shows commits that touch
the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With
this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch the specified
paths; this means that "<path>..." limits only commits, and doesn’t
limit diff for those commits.
--follow
Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames.
--log-size
Before the log message print out its size in bytes. Intended mainly
for porcelain tools consumption. If git is unable to produce a
valid value size is set to zero. Note that only message is
considered, if also a diff is shown its size is not included.
[--] <path>...
Show only commits that affect any of the specified paths. To
prevent confusion with options and branch names, paths may need to
be prefixed with "-- " to separate them from options or refnames.
Commit Formatting
--pretty[=<format>], --format[=<format>]
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller,
email, raw and format:<string>. When omitted, the format defaults
to medium.
Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
configuration (see git-config(1)).
--abbrev-commit
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name,
show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be
specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if
it is displayed).
This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.
--oneline
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used
together.
--encoding[=<encoding>]
The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in
their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command
to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the
user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8.
--no-notes, --show-notes[=<ref>]
Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that annotate the commit, when
showing the commit log message. This is the default for git log,
git show and git whatchanged commands when there is no --pretty,
--format nor --oneline option is given on the command line.
With an optional argument, add this ref to the list of notes. The
ref is taken to be in refs/notes/ if it is not qualified.
--[no-]standard-notes
Enable or disable populating the notes ref list from the
core.notesRef and notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding
environment overrides). Enabled by default. See git-config(1).
--relative-date
Synonym for --date=relative.
--date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short,raw}
Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such as
when using "--pretty". log.date config variable sets a default
value for log command’s --date option.
--date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2
hours ago".
--date=local shows timestamps in user’s local timezone.
--date=iso (or --date=iso8601) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
--date=rfc (or --date=rfc2822) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 format,
often found in E-mail messages.
--date=short shows only date but not time, in YYYY-MM-DD format.
--date=raw shows the date in the internal raw git format %s %z
format.
--date=default shows timestamps in the original timezone (either
committer’s or author’s).
--parents
Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting, see
History Simplification below.
--children
Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting,
see History Simplification below.
--left-right
Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from the
right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are
prefixed with -.
For example, if you have this topology:
y---b---b branch B
/ \ /
/ .
/ / \
o---x---a---a branch A
you would get an output like this:
$ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
>bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
>bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
<aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
<aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
-yyyyyyy... 1st on b
-xxxxxxx... 1st on a
--graph
Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history on
the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines to be
printed in between commits, in order for the graph history to be
drawn properly.
This implies the --topo-order option by default, but the
--date-order option may also be specified.
Diff Formatting
Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
Some of them are specific to git-rev-list(1), however other diff
options may be given. See git-diff-files(1) for more options.
-c
With this option, diff output for a merge commit shows the
differences from each of the parents to the merge result
simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files
which were modified from all parents.
--cc
This flag implies the -c options and further compresses the patch
output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the
parents have only two variants and the merge result picks one of
them without modification.
-m
This flag makes the merge commits show the full diff like regular
commits; for each merge parent, a separate log entry and diff is
generated. An exception is that only diff against the first parent
is shown when --first-parent option is given; in that case, the
output represents the changes the merge brought into the
then-current branch.
-r
Show recursive diffs.
-t
Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies -r.
Commit Limiting
Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.
-n number, --max-count=<number>
Limit the number of commits output.
--skip=<number>
Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.
--since=<date>, --after=<date>
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
--until=<date>, --before=<date>
Show commits older than a specific date.
--author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines
that match the specified pattern (regular expression).
--grep=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the
specified pattern (regular expression).
--all-match
Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
--author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one.
-i, --regexp-ignore-case
Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.
-E, --extended-regexp
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.
-F, --fixed-strings
Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
pattern as a regular expression).
--remove-empty
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
--merges
Print only merge commits.
--no-merges
Do not print commits with more than one parent.
--first-parent
Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
This option can give a better overview when viewing the evolution
of a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic branch
tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from time to
time, and this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
brought in to your history by such a merge.
--not
Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix (or lack thereof) for all
following revision specifiers, up to the next --not.
--all
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/ are listed on the command line
as <commit>.
--branches[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are listed on the command
line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit branches to ones
matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end
is implied.
--tags[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are listed on the command
line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit tags to ones matching
given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is
implied.
--remotes[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are listed on the
command line as <commit>. If `pattern`is given, limit remote
tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern
lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is implied.
--glob=glob-pattern
Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob glob-pattern are
listed on the command line as <commit>. Leading refs/, is
automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, /
at the end is implied.
--bisect
Pretend as if the bad bisection ref refs/bisect/bad was listed and
as if it was followed by --not and the good bisection refs
refs/bisect/good-* on the command line.
--stdin
In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them
from the standard input. If a -- separator is seen, stop reading
commits and start reading paths to limit the result.
--cherry-pick
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as another commit
on the "other side" when the set of commits are limited with
symmetric difference.
For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list
all commits on only one side of them is with --left-right, like the
example above in the description of that option. It however shows
the commits that were cherry-picked from the other branch (for
example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked from branch A). With this
option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output.
-g, --walk-reflogs
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries
from the most recent one to older ones. When this option is used
you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, ^commit,
commit1..commit2, nor commit1...commit2 notations cannot be used).
With --pretty format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), this
causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from
the reflog. By default, commit@{Nth} notation is used in the
output. When the starting commit is specified as commit@{now},
output also uses commit@{timestamp} notation instead. Under
--pretty=oneline, the commit message is prefixed with this
information on the same line. This option cannot be combined with
--reverse. See also git-reflog(1).
--merge
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict
and don’t exist on all heads to merge.
--boundary
Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually not
shown.
History Simplification
Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example
the commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
History Simplification, one part is selecting the commits and the other
is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the
history.
The following options select the commits to be shown:
<paths>
Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.
--simplify-by-decoration
Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.
The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:
Default mode
Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final
state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if
the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same
content)
--full-history
As the default mode but does not prune some history.
--dense
Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful
history.
--sparse
All commits in the simplified history are shown.
--simplify-merges
Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges
from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits
contributing to this merge.
A more detailed explanation follows.
Suppose you specified foo as the <paths>. We shall call commits that
modify foo !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff filtered for
foo, they look different and equal, respectively.)
In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
that you are filtering for a file foo in this commit graph:
.-A---M---N---O---P
/ / / / /
I B C D E
\ / / / /
`-------------'
The horizontal line of history A—P is taken to be the first parent of
each merge. The commits are:
· I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents "asdf",
and a file quux exists with contents "quux". Initial commits are
compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.
· In A, foo contains just "foo".
· B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence
TREESAME to all parents.
· C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to "foobar", so
it is not TREESAME to any parent.
· D sets foo to "baz". Its merge O combines the strings from N and D
to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
· E changes quux to "xyzzy", and its merge P combines the strings to
"quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, P is TREESAME to all
parents.
rev-list walks backwards through history, including or excluding
commits based on whether --full-history and/or parent rewriting (via
--parents or --children) are used. The following settings are
available.
Default mode
Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent (though
this can be changed, see --sparse below). If the commit was a
merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent.
(Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of
them.) Otherwise, follow all parents.
This results in:
.-A---N---O
/ /
I---------D
Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
available, removed B from consideration entirely. C was considered
via N, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree,
so I is !TREESAME.
Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that
does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have
shown the parent lines.
--full-history without parent rewriting
This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all
parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if
more than one side of the merge has commits that are included, this
does not imply that the merge itself is! In the example, we get
I A B N D O
P and M were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. E, C
and B were all walked, but only B was !TREESAME, so the others do
not appear.
Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to
talk about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so
we show them disconnected.
--full-history with parent rewriting
Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME (though
this can be changed, see --sparse below).
Merges are always included. However, their parent list is
rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not
included themselves. This results in
.-A---M---N---O---P
/ / / / /
I B / D /
\ / / / /
`-------------'
Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was
pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain E's parent I. The same happened for C and N.
Note also that P was included despite being TREESAME.
In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
affects inclusion:
--dense
Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to
any parent.
--sparse
All commits that are walked are included.
Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the
other sides of the merge are never walked.
Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available:
--simplify-merges
First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history
with parent rewriting does (see above).
Then simplify each commit ‘C` to its replacement C’ in the final
history according to the following rules:
· Set ‘C’` to C.
· Replace each parent ‘P` of C’ with its simplification ‘P’`. In
the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents,
and remove duplicates.
· If after this parent rewriting, ‘C’` is a root or merge commit
(has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it
remains. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
--full-history with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
.-A---M---N---O
/ / /
I B D
\ / /
`---------'
Note the major differences in N and P over --full-history:
· N's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of
the other parent M. Still, N remained because it is !TREESAME.
· P's parent list similarly had I removed. P was then removed
completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big
picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are
not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other
words, kept after history simplification rules described above) if (1)
they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the
paths given on the command line. All other commits are marked as
TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).
Commit Ordering
By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.
--topo-order
This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e. descendant
commits are shown before their parents).
--date-order
This option is similar to --topo-order in the sense that no parent
comes before all of its children, but otherwise things are still
ordered in the commit timestamp order.
--reverse
Output the commits in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
--walk-reflogs.
Object Traversal
These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.
--objects
Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
commits. --objects foo ^bar thus means "send me all object IDs
which I need to download if I have the commit object bar, but not
foo".
--objects-edge
Similar to --objects, but also print the IDs of excluded commits
prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by git-pack-objects(1)
to build "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based
on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce network
traffic.
--unpacked
Only useful with --objects; print the object IDs that are not in
packs.
--no-walk
Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.
--do-walk
Overrides a previous --no-walk.
PRETTY FORMATS
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline,
email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line.
This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are
printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have
limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested
in changes related to a certain directory or file.
Here are some additional details for each format:
· oneline
<sha1> <title line>
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
· short
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
<title line>
· medium
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Date: <author date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
· full
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Commit: <committer>
<title line>
<full commit message>
· fuller
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
AuthorDate: <author date>
Commit: <committer>
CommitDate: <committer date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
· email
From <sha1> <date>
From: <author>
Date: <author date>
Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
<full commit message>
· raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the
commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are displayed in full, regardless
of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents
information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts nor
history simplification into account.
· format:
The format: format allows you to specify which information you want
to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable
exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"
would show something like this:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
The placeholders are:
· %H: commit hash
· %h: abbreviated commit hash
· %T: tree hash
· %t: abbreviated tree hash
· %P: parent hashes
· %p: abbreviated parent hashes
· %an: author name
· %aN: author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
git-blame(1))
· %ae: author email
· %aE: author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
git-blame(1))
· %ad: author date (format respects --date= option)
· %aD: author date, RFC2822 style
· %ar: author date, relative
· %at: author date, UNIX timestamp
· %ai: author date, ISO 8601 format
· %cn: committer name
· %cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
or git-blame(1))
· %ce: committer email
· %cE: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
or git-blame(1))
· %cd: committer date
· %cD: committer date, RFC2822 style
· %cr: committer date, relative
· %ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp
· %ci: committer date, ISO 8601 format
· %d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)
· %e: encoding
· %s: subject
· %f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
· %b: body
· %N: commit notes
· %gD: reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1}
· %gd: shortened reflog selector, e.g., stash@{1}
· %gs: reflog subject
· %Cred: switch color to red
· %Cgreen: switch color to green
· %Cblue: switch color to blue
· %Creset: reset color
· %C(...): color specification, as described in color.branch.*
config option
· %m: left, right or boundary mark
· %n: newline
· %%: a raw %
· %x00: print a byte from a hex code
· %w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the -w
option of git-shortlog(1).
Note
Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision
traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will insert
an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
git log -g). The %d placeholder will use the "short" decoration
format if --decorate was not already provided on the command line.
If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is
inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, line-feeds that
immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the
placeholder expands to an empty string.
· tformat:
The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics.
In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
(usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed
between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line
format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the
"oneline" format does. For example:
$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973
In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is
interpreted as if it has tformat: in front of it. For example,
these two are equivalent:
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
GENERATING PATCHES WITH -P
When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run
with a -p option, "git diff" without the --raw option, or "git log"
with the "-p" option, they do not produce the output described above;
instead they produce a patch file. You can customize the creation of
such patches via the GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS
environment variables.
What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
diff format.
1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this:
diff --git a/file1 b/file2
The a/ and b/ filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion, /dev/null
is not used in place of a/ or b/ filenames.
When rename/copy is involved, file1 and file2 show the name of the
source file of the rename/copy and the name of the file that
rename/copy produces, respectively.
2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
old mode <mode>
new mode <mode>
deleted file mode <mode>
new file mode <mode>
copy from <path>
copy to <path>
rename from <path>
rename to <path>
similarity index <number>
dissimilarity index <number>
index <hash>..<hash> <mode>
3. TAB, LF, double quote and backslash characters in pathnames are
represented as \t, \n, \" and \\, respectively. If there is need
for such substitution then the whole pathname is put in double
quotes.
The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the
dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It is a rounded
down integer, followed by a percent sign. The similarity index value of
100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity
means that no line from the old file made it into the new one.
COMBINED DIFF FORMAT
"git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff" can take -c or --cc
option to produce combined diff. For showing a merge commit with "git
log -p", this is the default format; you can force showing full diff
with the -m option. A combined diff format looks like this:
diff --combined describe.c
index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
--- a/describe.c
+++ b/describe.c
@@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
}
- static void describe(char *arg)
-static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
{
+ unsigned char sha1[20];
+ struct commit *cmit;
struct commit_list *list;
static int initialized = 0;
struct commit_name *n;
+ if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+ cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+ if (!cmit)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+
if (!initialized) {
initialized = 1;
for_each_ref(get_name);
1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this (when
-c option is used):
diff --combined file
or like this (when --cc option is used):
diff --cc file
2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example
shows a merge with two parents):
index <hash>,<hash>..<hash>
mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
new file mode <mode>
deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
The mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> line appears only if at least one of
the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
information about detected contents movement (renames and copying
detection) are designed to work with diff of two <tree-ish> and are
not used by combined diff format.
3. It is followed by two-line from-file/to-file header
--- a/file
+++ b/file
Similar to two-line header for traditional unified diff format,
/dev/null is used to signal created or deleted files.
4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally
feeding it to patch -p1. Combined diff format was created for
review of merge commit changes, and was not meant for apply. The
change is similar to the change in the extended index header:
@@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@
There are (number of parents + 1) @ characters in the chunk header
for combined diff format.
Unlike the traditional unified diff format, which shows two files A and
B with a single column that has - (minus — appears in A but removed in
B), + (plus — missing in A but added to B), or " " (space — unchanged)
prefix, this format compares two or more files file1, file2,... with
one file X, and shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column for
each of fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X’s line is
different from it.
A - character in the column N means that the line appears in fileN but
it does not appear in the result. A + character in the column N means
that the line appears in the result, and fileN does not have that line
(in other words, the line was added, from the point of view of that
parent).
In the above example output, the function signature was changed from
both files (hence two - removals from both file1 and file2, plus ++ to
mean one line that was added does not appear in either file1 nor
file2). Also eight other lines are the same from file1 but do not
appear in file2 (hence prefixed with +).
When shown by git diff-tree -c, it compares the parents of a merge
commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the parents). When
shown by git diff-files -c, it compares the two unresolved merge
parents with the working tree file (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our
version", file2 is stage 3 aka "their version").
EXAMPLES
git log --no-merges
Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges
git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
Show all commits since version v2.6.12 that changed any file in the
include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file gitk. The
"--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the branch named gitk
git log --name-status release..test
Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet in the
"release" branch, along with the list of paths each commit
modifies.
git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c
Shows the commits that changed builtin-rev-list.c, including those
commits that occurred before the file was given its present name.
git log --branches --not --remotes=origin
Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in any
of remote tracking branches for origin (what you have that origin
doesn’t).
git log master --not --remotes=*/master
Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote
repository master branches.
git log -p -m --first-parent
Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the "main
branch" perspective, skipping commits that come from merged
branches, and showing full diffs of changes introduced by the
merges. This makes sense only when following a strict policy of
merging all topic branches when staying on a single integration
branch.
DISCUSSION
At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.
· The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are
treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What
readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data
git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2)
and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding
translation.
· The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of
bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.
· The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
bytes.
Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in
UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8
on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more
convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However,
there are a few things to keep in mind.
1. git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log
message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless
you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to
say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like
this:
[i18n]
commitencoding = ISO-8859-1
Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
i18n.commitencoding in its encoding header. This is to help other
people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding
header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into
UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired
output encoding with i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config file,
like this:
[i18n]
logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1
If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
i18n.commitencoding is used instead.
Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message
when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level,
because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.
AUTHOR
Written by Linus Torvalds <[email protected][1]>
DOCUMENTATION
Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list
<[email protected][2]>.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES
1. [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
2. [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Git 1.7.1 12/17/2010 GIT-LOG(1)
NAME
git-log - Show commit logs
SYNOPSIS
git log [<options>] [<since>..<until>] [[--] <path>...]
DESCRIPTION
Shows the commit logs.
The command takes options applicable to the git rev-list command to
control what is shown and how, and options applicable to the git diff-*
commands to control how the changes each commit introduces are shown.
OPTIONS
-p, -u
Generate patch (see section on generating patches).
-U<n>, --unified=<n>
Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the usual
three. Implies -p.
--raw
Generate the raw format.
--patch-with-raw
Synonym for -p --raw.
--patience
Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.
--stat[=width[,name-width]]
Generate a diffstat. You can override the default output width for
80-column terminal by --stat=width. The width of the filename part
can be controlled by giving another width to it separated by a
comma.
--numstat
Similar to --stat, but shows number of added and deleted lines in
decimal notation and pathname without abbreviation, to make it more
machine friendly. For binary files, outputs two - instead of saying
0 0.
--shortstat
Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total
number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
lines.
--dirstat[=limit]
Output the distribution of relative amount of changes (number of
lines added or removed) for each sub-directory. Directories with
changes below a cut-off percent (3% by default) are not shown. The
cut-off percent can be set with --dirstat=limit. Changes in a child
directory is not counted for the parent directory, unless
--cumulative is used.
--dirstat-by-file[=limit]
Same as --dirstat, but counts changed files instead of lines.
--summary
Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as
creations, renames and mode changes.
--patch-with-stat
Synonym for -p --stat.
-z
Separate the commits with NULs instead of with new newlines.
Also, when --raw or --numstat has been given, do not munge
pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.
Without this option, each pathname output will have TAB, LF, double
quotes, and backslash characters replaced with \t, \n, \", and \\,
respectively, and the pathname will be enclosed in double quotes if
any of those replacements occurred.
--name-only
Show only names of changed files.
--name-status
Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of
the --diff-filter option on what the status letters mean.
--submodule[=<format>]
Chose the output format for submodule differences. <format> can be
one of short and log. short just shows pairs of commit names, this
format is used when this option is not given. log is the default
value for this option and lists the commits in that commit range
like the summary option of git-submodule(1) does.
--color[=<when>]
Show colored diff. The value must be always (the default), never,
or auto.
--no-color
Turn off colored diff, even when the configuration file gives the
default to color output. Same as --color=never.
--color-words[=<regex>]
Show colored word diff, i.e., color words which have changed. By
default, words are separated by whitespace.
When a <regex> is specified, every non-overlapping match of the
<regex> is considered a word. Anything between these matches is
considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
differences. You may want to append |[^[:space:]] to your regular
expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace
characters. A match that contains a newline is silently
truncated(!) at the newline.
The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration
option, see gitattributes(1) or git-config(1). Giving it explicitly
overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers
override configuration settings.
--no-renames
Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives
the default to do so.
--check
Warn if changes introduce trailing whitespace or an indent that
uses a space before a tab. Exits with non-zero status if problems
are found. Not compatible with --exit-code.
--full-index
Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full pre- and
post-image blob object names on the "index" line when generating
patch format output.
--binary
In addition to --full-index, output a binary diff that can be
applied with git-apply.
--abbrev[=<n>]
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in
diff-raw format output and diff-tree header lines, show only a
partial prefix. This is independent of the --full-index option
above, which controls the diff-patch output format. Non default
number of digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.
-B
Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create.
-M
Detect renames.
-C
Detect copies as well as renames. See also --find-copies-harder.
--diff-filter=[ACDMRTUXB*]
Select only files that are Added (A), Copied (C), Deleted (D),
Modified (M), Renamed (R), have their type (i.e. regular file,
symlink, submodule, ...) changed (T), are Unmerged (U), are Unknown
(X), or have had their pairing Broken (B). Any combination of the
filter characters may be used. When * (All-or-none) is added to the
combination, all paths are selected if there is any file that
matches other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that
matches other criteria, nothing is selected.
--find-copies-harder
For performance reasons, by default, -C option finds copies only if
the original file of the copy was modified in the same changeset.
This flag makes the command inspect unmodified files as candidates
for the source of copy. This is a very expensive operation for
large projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one -C
option has the same effect.
-l<num>
The -M and -C options require O(n^2) processing time where n is the
number of potential rename/copy targets. This option prevents
rename/copy detection from running if the number of rename/copy
targets exceeds the specified number.
-S<string>
Look for differences that introduce or remove an instance of
<string>. Note that this is different than the string simply
appearing in diff output; see the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7)
for more details.
--pickaxe-all
When -S finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not
just the files that contain the change in <string>.
--pickaxe-regex
Make the <string> not a plain string but an extended POSIX regex to
match.
-O<orderfile>
Output the patch in the order specified in the <orderfile>, which
has one shell glob pattern per line.
-R
Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk
file to tree contents.
--relative[=<path>]
When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be told to
exclude changes outside the directory and show pathnames relative
to it with this option. When you are not in a subdirectory (e.g. in
a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make the
output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument.
-a, --text
Treat all files as text.
--ignore-space-at-eol
Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
-b, --ignore-space-change
Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at
line end, and considers all other sequences of one or more
whitespace characters to be equivalent.
-w, --ignore-all-space
Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.
--inter-hunk-context=<lines>
Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of
lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
--exit-code
Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1). That is, it
exits with 1 if there were differences and 0 means no differences.
--quiet
Disable all output of the program. Implies --exit-code.
--ext-diff
Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
external diff driver with gitattributes(5), you need to use this
option with git-log(1) and friends.
--no-ext-diff
Disallow external diff drivers.
--ignore-submodules
Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation.
--src-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".
--dst-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".
--no-prefix
Do not show any source or destination prefix.
For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
gitdiffcore(7).
-<n>
Limits the number of commits to show.
<since>..<until>
Show only commits between the named two commits. When either
<since> or <until> is omitted, it defaults to HEAD, i.e. the tip of
the current branch. For a more complete list of ways to spell
<since> and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in git-rev-
parse(1).
--decorate[=short|full]
Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If short is
specified, the ref name prefixes refs/heads/, refs/tags/ and
refs/remotes/ will not be printed. If full is specified, the full
ref name (including prefix) will be printed. The default option is
short.
--source
Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each
commit was reached.
--full-diff
Without this flag, "git log -p <path>..." shows commits that touch
the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified paths. With
this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch the specified
paths; this means that "<path>..." limits only commits, and doesn’t
limit diff for those commits.
--follow
Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames.
--log-size
Before the log message print out its size in bytes. Intended mainly
for porcelain tools consumption. If git is unable to produce a
valid value size is set to zero. Note that only message is
considered, if also a diff is shown its size is not included.
[--] <path>...
Show only commits that affect any of the specified paths. To
prevent confusion with options and branch names, paths may need to
be prefixed with "-- " to separate them from options or refnames.
Commit Formatting
--pretty[=<format>], --format[=<format>]
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller,
email, raw and format:<string>. When omitted, the format defaults
to medium.
Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
configuration (see git-config(1)).
--abbrev-commit
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name,
show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be
specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if
it is displayed).
This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.
--oneline
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used
together.
--encoding[=<encoding>]
The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in
their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command
to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the
user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8.
--no-notes, --show-notes[=<ref>]
Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that annotate the commit, when
showing the commit log message. This is the default for git log,
git show and git whatchanged commands when there is no --pretty,
--format nor --oneline option is given on the command line.
With an optional argument, add this ref to the list of notes. The
ref is taken to be in refs/notes/ if it is not qualified.
--[no-]standard-notes
Enable or disable populating the notes ref list from the
core.notesRef and notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding
environment overrides). Enabled by default. See git-config(1).
--relative-date
Synonym for --date=relative.
--date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short,raw}
Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such as
when using "--pretty". log.date config variable sets a default
value for log command’s --date option.
--date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2
hours ago".
--date=local shows timestamps in user’s local timezone.
--date=iso (or --date=iso8601) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
--date=rfc (or --date=rfc2822) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 format,
often found in E-mail messages.
--date=short shows only date but not time, in YYYY-MM-DD format.
--date=raw shows the date in the internal raw git format %s %z
format.
--date=default shows timestamps in the original timezone (either
committer’s or author’s).
--parents
Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting, see
History Simplification below.
--children
Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting,
see History Simplification below.
--left-right
Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from the
right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are
prefixed with -.
For example, if you have this topology:
y---b---b branch B
/ \ /
/ .
/ / \
o---x---a---a branch A
you would get an output like this:
$ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
>bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
>bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
<aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
<aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
-yyyyyyy... 1st on b
-xxxxxxx... 1st on a
--graph
Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history on
the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines to be
printed in between commits, in order for the graph history to be
drawn properly.
This implies the --topo-order option by default, but the
--date-order option may also be specified.
Diff Formatting
Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
Some of them are specific to git-rev-list(1), however other diff
options may be given. See git-diff-files(1) for more options.
-c
With this option, diff output for a merge commit shows the
differences from each of the parents to the merge result
simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files
which were modified from all parents.
--cc
This flag implies the -c options and further compresses the patch
output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the
parents have only two variants and the merge result picks one of
them without modification.
-m
This flag makes the merge commits show the full diff like regular
commits; for each merge parent, a separate log entry and diff is
generated. An exception is that only diff against the first parent
is shown when --first-parent option is given; in that case, the
output represents the changes the merge brought into the
then-current branch.
-r
Show recursive diffs.
-t
Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies -r.
Commit Limiting
Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.
-n number, --max-count=<number>
Limit the number of commits output.
--skip=<number>
Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.
--since=<date>, --after=<date>
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
--until=<date>, --before=<date>
Show commits older than a specific date.
--author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines
that match the specified pattern (regular expression).
--grep=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the
specified pattern (regular expression).
--all-match
Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
--author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one.
-i, --regexp-ignore-case
Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.
-E, --extended-regexp
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.
-F, --fixed-strings
Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
pattern as a regular expression).
--remove-empty
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
--merges
Print only merge commits.
--no-merges
Do not print commits with more than one parent.
--first-parent
Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
This option can give a better overview when viewing the evolution
of a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic branch
tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from time to
time, and this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
brought in to your history by such a merge.
--not
Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix (or lack thereof) for all
following revision specifiers, up to the next --not.
--all
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/ are listed on the command line
as <commit>.
--branches[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are listed on the command
line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit branches to ones
matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end
is implied.
--tags[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are listed on the command
line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit tags to ones matching
given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is
implied.
--remotes[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are listed on the
command line as <commit>. If `pattern`is given, limit remote
tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern
lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is implied.
--glob=glob-pattern
Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob glob-pattern are
listed on the command line as <commit>. Leading refs/, is
automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, /
at the end is implied.
--bisect
Pretend as if the bad bisection ref refs/bisect/bad was listed and
as if it was followed by --not and the good bisection refs
refs/bisect/good-* on the command line.
--stdin
In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them
from the standard input. If a -- separator is seen, stop reading
commits and start reading paths to limit the result.
--cherry-pick
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as another commit
on the "other side" when the set of commits are limited with
symmetric difference.
For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list
all commits on only one side of them is with --left-right, like the
example above in the description of that option. It however shows
the commits that were cherry-picked from the other branch (for
example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked from branch A). With this
option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output.
-g, --walk-reflogs
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries
from the most recent one to older ones. When this option is used
you cannot specify commits to exclude (that is, ^commit,
commit1..commit2, nor commit1...commit2 notations cannot be used).
With --pretty format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), this
causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from
the reflog. By default, commit@{Nth} notation is used in the
output. When the starting commit is specified as commit@{now},
output also uses commit@{timestamp} notation instead. Under
--pretty=oneline, the commit message is prefixed with this
information on the same line. This option cannot be combined with
--reverse. See also git-reflog(1).
--merge
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict
and don’t exist on all heads to merge.
--boundary
Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually not
shown.
History Simplification
Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example
the commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
History Simplification, one part is selecting the commits and the other
is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the
history.
The following options select the commits to be shown:
<paths>
Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.
--simplify-by-decoration
Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.
The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:
Default mode
Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final
state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if
the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same
content)
--full-history
As the default mode but does not prune some history.
--dense
Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful
history.
--sparse
All commits in the simplified history are shown.
--simplify-merges
Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges
from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits
contributing to this merge.
A more detailed explanation follows.
Suppose you specified foo as the <paths>. We shall call commits that
modify foo !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff filtered for
foo, they look different and equal, respectively.)
In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
that you are filtering for a file foo in this commit graph:
.-A---M---N---O---P
/ / / / /
I B C D E
\ / / / /
`-------------'
The horizontal line of history A—P is taken to be the first parent of
each merge. The commits are:
· I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents "asdf",
and a file quux exists with contents "quux". Initial commits are
compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.
· In A, foo contains just "foo".
· B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence
TREESAME to all parents.
· C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to "foobar", so
it is not TREESAME to any parent.
· D sets foo to "baz". Its merge O combines the strings from N and D
to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
· E changes quux to "xyzzy", and its merge P combines the strings to
"quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, P is TREESAME to all
parents.
rev-list walks backwards through history, including or excluding
commits based on whether --full-history and/or parent rewriting (via
--parents or --children) are used. The following settings are
available.
Default mode
Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent (though
this can be changed, see --sparse below). If the commit was a
merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent.
(Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of
them.) Otherwise, follow all parents.
This results in:
.-A---N---O
/ /
I---------D
Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
available, removed B from consideration entirely. C was considered
via N, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree,
so I is !TREESAME.
Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that
does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have
shown the parent lines.
--full-history without parent rewriting
This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all
parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if
more than one side of the merge has commits that are included, this
does not imply that the merge itself is! In the example, we get
I A B N D O
P and M were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. E, C
and B were all walked, but only B was !TREESAME, so the others do
not appear.
Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to
talk about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so
we show them disconnected.
--full-history with parent rewriting
Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME (though
this can be changed, see --sparse below).
Merges are always included. However, their parent list is
rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not
included themselves. This results in
.-A---M---N---O---P
/ / / / /
I B / D /
\ / / / /
`-------------'
Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was
pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain E's parent I. The same happened for C and N.
Note also that P was included despite being TREESAME.
In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
affects inclusion:
--dense
Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to
any parent.
--sparse
All commits that are walked are included.
Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the
other sides of the merge are never walked.
Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available:
--simplify-merges
First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history
with parent rewriting does (see above).
Then simplify each commit ‘C` to its replacement C’ in the final
history according to the following rules:
· Set ‘C’` to C.
· Replace each parent ‘P` of C’ with its simplification ‘P’`. In
the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents,
and remove duplicates.
· If after this parent rewriting, ‘C’` is a root or merge commit
(has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it
remains. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
--full-history with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
.-A---M---N---O
/ / /
I B D
\ / /
`---------'
Note the major differences in N and P over --full-history:
· N's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of
the other parent M. Still, N remained because it is !TREESAME.
· P's parent list similarly had I removed. P was then removed
completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big
picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are
not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other
words, kept after history simplification rules described above) if (1)
they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the
paths given on the command line. All other commits are marked as
TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).
Commit Ordering
By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.
--topo-order
This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e. descendant
commits are shown before their parents).
--date-order
This option is similar to --topo-order in the sense that no parent
comes before all of its children, but otherwise things are still
ordered in the commit timestamp order.
--reverse
Output the commits in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
--walk-reflogs.
Object Traversal
These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.
--objects
Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
commits. --objects foo ^bar thus means "send me all object IDs
which I need to download if I have the commit object bar, but not
foo".
--objects-edge
Similar to --objects, but also print the IDs of excluded commits
prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by git-pack-objects(1)
to build "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based
on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce network
traffic.
--unpacked
Only useful with --objects; print the object IDs that are not in
packs.
--no-walk
Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.
--do-walk
Overrides a previous --no-walk.
PRETTY FORMATS
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline,
email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line.
This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are
printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have
limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested
in changes related to a certain directory or file.
Here are some additional details for each format:
· oneline
<sha1> <title line>
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
· short
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
<title line>
· medium
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Date: <author date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
· full
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Commit: <committer>
<title line>
<full commit message>
· fuller
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
AuthorDate: <author date>
Commit: <committer>
CommitDate: <committer date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
From <sha1> <date>
From: <author>
Date: <author date>
Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
<full commit message>
· raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the
commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are displayed in full, regardless
of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents
information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts nor
history simplification into account.
· format:
The format: format allows you to specify which information you want
to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable
exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"
would show something like this:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
The placeholders are:
· %H: commit hash
· %h: abbreviated commit hash
· %T: tree hash
· %t: abbreviated tree hash
· %P: parent hashes
· %p: abbreviated parent hashes
· %an: author name
· %aN: author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
git-blame(1))
· %ae: author email
· %aE: author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
git-blame(1))
· %ad: author date (format respects --date= option)
· %aD: author date, RFC2822 style
· %ar: author date, relative
· %at: author date, UNIX timestamp
· %ai: author date, ISO 8601 format
· %cn: committer name
· %cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
or git-blame(1))
· %ce: committer email
· %cE: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
or git-blame(1))
· %cd: committer date
· %cD: committer date, RFC2822 style
· %cr: committer date, relative
· %ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp
· %ci: committer date, ISO 8601 format
· %d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)
· %e: encoding
· %s: subject
· %f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
· %b: body
· %N: commit notes
· %gD: reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1}
· %gd: shortened reflog selector, e.g., stash@{1}
· %gs: reflog subject
· %Cred: switch color to red
· %Cgreen: switch color to green
· %Cblue: switch color to blue
· %Creset: reset color
· %C(...): color specification, as described in color.branch.*
config option
· %m: left, right or boundary mark
· %n: newline
· %%: a raw %
· %x00: print a byte from a hex code
· %w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the -w
option of git-shortlog(1).
Note
Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision
traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will insert
an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
git log -g). The %d placeholder will use the "short" decoration
format if --decorate was not already provided on the command line.
If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is
inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, line-feeds that
immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the
placeholder expands to an empty string.
· tformat:
The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics.
In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
(usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed
between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line
format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the
"oneline" format does. For example:
$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973
In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is
interpreted as if it has tformat: in front of it. For example,
these two are equivalent:
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
GENERATING PATCHES WITH -P
When "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree", or "git-diff-files" are run
with a -p option, "git diff" without the --raw option, or "git log"
with the "-p" option, they do not produce the output described above;
instead they produce a patch file. You can customize the creation of
such patches via the GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS
environment variables.
What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
diff format.
1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this:
diff --git a/file1 b/file2
The a/ and b/ filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion, /dev/null
is not used in place of a/ or b/ filenames.
When rename/copy is involved, file1 and file2 show the name of the
source file of the rename/copy and the name of the file that
rename/copy produces, respectively.
2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
old mode <mode>
new mode <mode>
deleted file mode <mode>
new file mode <mode>
copy from <path>
copy to <path>
rename from <path>
rename to <path>
similarity index <number>
dissimilarity index <number>
index <hash>..<hash> <mode>
3. TAB, LF, double quote and backslash characters in pathnames are
represented as \t, \n, \" and \\, respectively. If there is need
for such substitution then the whole pathname is put in double
quotes.
The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the
dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It is a rounded
down integer, followed by a percent sign. The similarity index value of
100% is thus reserved for two equal files, while 100% dissimilarity
means that no line from the old file made it into the new one.
COMBINED DIFF FORMAT
"git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff" can take -c or --cc
option to produce combined diff. For showing a merge commit with "git
log -p", this is the default format; you can force showing full diff
with the -m option. A combined diff format looks like this:
diff --combined describe.c
index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
--- a/describe.c
+++ b/describe.c
@@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
}
- static void describe(char *arg)
-static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
{
+ unsigned char sha1[20];
+ struct commit *cmit;
struct commit_list *list;
static int initialized = 0;
struct commit_name *n;
+ if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+ cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+ if (!cmit)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+
if (!initialized) {
initialized = 1;
for_each_ref(get_name);
1. It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like this (when
-c option is used):
diff --combined file
or like this (when --cc option is used):
diff --cc file
2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example
shows a merge with two parents):
index <hash>,<hash>..<hash>
mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
new file mode <mode>
deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
The mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> line appears only if at least one of
the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
information about detected contents movement (renames and copying
detection) are designed to work with diff of two <tree-ish> and are
not used by combined diff format.
3. It is followed by two-line from-file/to-file header
--- a/file
+++ b/file
Similar to two-line header for traditional unified diff format,
/dev/null is used to signal created or deleted files.
4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally
feeding it to patch -p1. Combined diff format was created for
review of merge commit changes, and was not meant for apply. The
change is similar to the change in the extended index header:
@@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@
There are (number of parents + 1) @ characters in the chunk header
for combined diff format.
Unlike the traditional unified diff format, which shows two files A and
B with a single column that has - (minus — appears in A but removed in
B), + (plus — missing in A but added to B), or " " (space — unchanged)
prefix, this format compares two or more files file1, file2,... with
one file X, and shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column for
each of fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X’s line is
different from it.
A - character in the column N means that the line appears in fileN but
it does not appear in the result. A + character in the column N means
that the line appears in the result, and fileN does not have that line
(in other words, the line was added, from the point of view of that
parent).
In the above example output, the function signature was changed from
both files (hence two - removals from both file1 and file2, plus ++ to
mean one line that was added does not appear in either file1 nor
file2). Also eight other lines are the same from file1 but do not
appear in file2 (hence prefixed with +).
When shown by git diff-tree -c, it compares the parents of a merge
commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the parents). When
shown by git diff-files -c, it compares the two unresolved merge
parents with the working tree file (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our
version", file2 is stage 3 aka "their version").
EXAMPLES
git log --no-merges
Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges
git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
Show all commits since version v2.6.12 that changed any file in the
include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file gitk. The
"--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the branch named gitk
git log --name-status release..test
Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet in the
"release" branch, along with the list of paths each commit
modifies.
git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c
Shows the commits that changed builtin-rev-list.c, including those
commits that occurred before the file was given its present name.
git log --branches --not --remotes=origin
Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in any
of remote tracking branches for origin (what you have that origin
doesn’t).
git log master --not --remotes=*/master
Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote
repository master branches.
git log -p -m --first-parent
Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the "main
branch" perspective, skipping commits that come from merged
branches, and showing full diffs of changes introduced by the
merges. This makes sense only when following a strict policy of
merging all topic branches when staying on a single integration
branch.
DISCUSSION
At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.
· The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are
treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What
readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data
git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2)
and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding
translation.
· The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of
bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.
· The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
bytes.
Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in
UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8
on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more
convenient to use legacy encodings, git does not forbid it. However,
there are a few things to keep in mind.
1. git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log
message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless
you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to
say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like
this:
[i18n]
commitencoding = ISO-8859-1
Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
i18n.commitencoding in its encoding header. This is to help other
people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding
header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into
UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired
output encoding with i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config file,
like this:
[i18n]
logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1
If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
i18n.commitencoding is used instead.
Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message
when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level,
because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.
AUTHOR
Written by Linus Torvalds <[email protected][1]>
DOCUMENTATION
Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list
<[email protected][2]>.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES
1. [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
2. [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Git 1.7.1 12/17/2010 GIT-LOG(1)