Python 文件路径详解（os.path）

1 名称相关

修改中，请稍等。。。

1.1 获取基本名称：basename()

import os


def get_base_name(path):
    base_name = os.path.basename(path)
    # 根据路径，获取文件或目录名
    print(f'名称：{base_name}')
    return base_name


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    get_base_name(file_path)  # 1.txt
    get_base_name(dir_path)  # 1

1.2 获取上级目录名：dirname()

import os


def get_abspath(path):
    abspath = os.path.dirname(path)
    # 根据路径，获取文件或目录的上级目录名
    print(f'上级目录名：{abspath}')
    return abspath


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    get_abspath(file_path)  # C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp
    get_abspath(dir_path)  # C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp

1.3 获取绝对路径：abspath()

import os


def get_abspath(path):
    abspath = os.path.abspath(path)
    # 根据路径，获取文件或目录的绝对路径
    print(f'绝对路径：{abspath}')
    return abspath


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'1.txt'
    dir_path = r'1'
    get_abspath(file_path)  # E:\01 Python 项目\FileDemo\1.txt
    get_abspath(dir_path)  # E:\01 Python 项目\FileDemo\1

1.4 获取共有最长路径：commonprefix()

import os


def get_commonprefix(path):
    commonprefix = os.path.commonprefix(path)
    # 获取共有的最长路径
    print(f'获取共有的最长路径：{commonprefix}')
    return commonprefix


if __name__ == '__main__':
    paths = ['/home/User/Desktop', '/home/User/Documents', '/home/User/Downloads']
    get_commonprefix(paths)  # /home/User/D

1.5 路径拼接：join()

import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    base_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp'
    # os.path.join(path1, path2, *)
    file_path = os.path.join(base_path, '1.txt')
    dir_path = os.path.join(base_path, '1')
    print(file_path)
    print(dir_path)
    print(os.path.join(base_path, '1', '2', '1.txt'))

1.6 路径切割：split()

import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 以文件路径为例
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    name = os.path.split(file_path)

    dir_name = name[0]
    base_name = name[1]
    print(name)  # ('C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\Temp', '1.txt')
    print(f'dir_name = {dir_name}, base_name = {base_name}')

    # 目录同理
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'

1.7 路径切割(文件后缀)：splitext()

import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 以文件路径为例
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    name = os.path.splitext(file_path)

    dir_name = name[0]
    base_name = name[1]
    print(name)  # ('C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\Temp\\1', '.txt')
    print(f'dir_name = {dir_name}, base_name = {base_name}')

    # 目录同理
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'

1.8 目录遍历：walk()

含子目录：

import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 本地桌面新建一个文件夹：Temp
    test_path = r"C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp"

    for dirPath, dirNames, fileNames in os.walk(test_path):
        print("文件路径  ：", dirPath)
        print("文件夹名称：", dirNames)
        print("文件名称  ：", fileNames)
        print()

不含子目录：

import os

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 本地桌面新建一个目录：Temp
    test_path = r"C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp"

    for name in os.listdir(test_path):

        # 文件的绝对路径
        absolutePath = os.path.join(test_path, name)

        # 判断是 文件 还是 目录
        if os.path.isfile(absolutePath):
            print(f'文件: {name}')
        elif os.path.isdir(absolutePath):
            print(f'目录: {name}')

2 时间相关

2.1 返回创建日期：getctime()

import os
import time


def get_create_time(path):
    # 时间单位：时间戳
    create_time = os.path.getctime(path)
    print(create_time)
    # 时间单位：自定义时间字符串
    create_time_str = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(create_time))
    print(create_time_str)
    return create_time


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    get_create_time(file_path)
    get_create_time(dir_path)

2.2 返回最近修改时间：getmtime()

import os
import time


def get_modify_time(path):
    # 时间单位：时间戳
    modify_time = os.path.getmtime(path)
    print(modify_time)
    # 时间单位：自定义时间字符串
    modify_time_str = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(modify_time))
    print(modify_time_str)
    return modify_time


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    get_modify_time(file_path)
    get_modify_time(dir_path)

2.3 返回最近访问时间：getatime()

import os
import time


def get_access_time(path):
    # 时间单位：时间戳
    access_time = os.path.getatime(path)
    print(access_time)
    # 时间单位：自定义时间字符串
    access_time_str = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(access_time))
    print(access_time_str)
    return access_time


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    get_access_time(file_path)
    get_access_time(dir_path)

3 判断条件

3.1 判断是否存在：exists()

• 如果路径 path 存在，返回 True
• 如果路径 path 不存在或损坏，返回 False

import os


def if_exists(path):
    abspath = os.path.exists(path)
    # 根据路径判断文件或目录是否存在
    print(f'文件或目录是否存在：{abspath}')
    return abspath


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\2'
    if_exists(file_path)  # True
    if_exists(dir_path)  # False

3.2 判断是否存在(含损坏)：lexists()

• 路径存在则返回 True，路径损坏也返回 True
• 路径不存在则返回 False

import os


def if_lexists(path):
    abspath = os.path.lexists(path)
    # 根据路径判断文件或目录是否存在
    print(f'文件或目录是否存在：{abspath}')
    return abspath


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\2'
    if_lexists(file_path)  # True
    if_lexists(dir_path)  # False

3.3 判断是否为绝对路径：isabs()

import os


def is_abs(path):
    print(os.path.isabs(path))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'1'
    is_abs(file_path)  # True
    is_abs(dir_path)  # False

3.4 判断是否为文件：isfile()

import os


def is_file(path):
    print(os.path.isfile(path))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    is_file(file_path)  # True
    is_file(dir_path)  # False

3.5 判断是否为目录：isdir()

import os


def is_dir(path):
    print(os.path.isdir(path))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    is_dir(file_path)  # False
    is_dir(dir_path)  # True

3.6 判断是否相同：samefile()

import os


def is_same_file(path1, path2):
    print(os.path.samefile(path1, path2))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path1 = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    file_path2 = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    dir_path1 = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    dir_path2 = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1'
    is_same_file(file_path1, file_path2)  # True
    is_same_file(dir_path1, dir_path2)  # True
    # 注：若路径不存在，则报错

4 其它

4.1 转换用户：expanduser()

• 把 path 中包含的 ~ 和 ~user 转换成用户目录

import os


def expand_user(_path):
    new_path = os.path.expanduser(_path)
    # 把 path 中包含的 ~ 和 ~user 转换成用户目录
    print(f'转换后的路径名：{new_path}')
    return new_path


if __name__ == '__main__':
    path = r"~\Documents\1.txt"
    expand_user(path)
    # C:\Users\Administrator\Documents\1.txt

4.2 转换环境变量：expandvars()

import os


def expand_user(_path):
    expand_var = os.path.expandvars(_path)
    # 环境变量转换
    print(f'转换后的值：{expand_var}')
    return expand_var


if __name__ == '__main__':
    path = r"$OS"
    # path = r"${OS}"  # 效果同上
    expand_user(path)  # Windows_NT

4.3 返回文件大小：getsize()

import os


def get_file_size(path):
    size = os.path.getsize(path)
    print(size)  # 字节


if __name__ == '__main__':
    file_path = r'C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\Temp\1.txt'
    get_file_size(file_path)
    # 注：目录的大小 = 该目录下文件大小之和