支持开源,为了更好的后来者
————————————————————————————————————————————————————By 我说的
模板类是C++泛型编程的核心机制,通过参数化类型实现代码的高度复用。其核心语法结构为:
template <typename T1, typename T2 = default_type> // 可带默认类型
class ClassName {
// 类成员声明
};
关键要素解析:
template
关键字声明模板参数列表typename
或class
声明类型参数(可互换)template class Buffer {...}
编译器根据具体类型生成特化版本的过程:
// 显式实例化
template class MyTemplate<int>;
// 隐式实例化
MyTemplate<double> obj;
// 完全特化
template <>
class WeatherData<std::string> {
// 字符串类型的特殊处理
};
// 部分特化
template <typename T>
class WeatherData<T*> {
// 指针类型的通用处理
};
template <typename T>
class SensorBase {
virtual T read() = 0;
};
template <typename T>
class Thermometer : public SensorBase<T> {
T read() override { /* 具体实现 */ }
};
template <typename T>
class WeatherStation {
static_assert(std::is_floating_point_v<T>,
"Requires floating-point type");
// 类实现...
};
template <typename T, size_t MaxSamples = 1000>
class WeatherDataContainer {
public:
void add(const T& value) {
if (data_.size() < MaxSamples) {
data_.push_back(value);
}
}
T max() const {
return *std::max_element(data_.begin(), data_.end());
}
T min() const {
return *std::min_element(data_.begin(), data_.end());
}
double mean() const {
return std::accumulate(data_.begin(), data_.end(), 0.0) / data_.size();
}
private:
std::vector<T> data_;
};
使用示例:
WeatherDataContainer<double> tempRecords;
WeatherDataContainer<float, 5000> pressureLog;
template <typename TempType>
class TemperatureProcessor {
public:
using ValueType = TempType;
TemperatureProcessor(TempType base) : baseTemp_(base) {}
TempType calculate_difference(TempType current) const {
return current - baseTemp_;
}
template <typename Container>
TempType average(const Container& container) const {
return static_cast<TempType>(
std::accumulate(container.begin(), container.end(), 0.0)
/ container.size());
}
private:
TempType baseTemp_;
};
应用场景:
TemperatureProcessor<float> fpProcessor(25.0f);
TemperatureProcessor<double> dpProcessor(297.15);
auto diff = fpProcessor.calculate_difference(28.5f);
auto avg = dpProcessor.average(temperatureDataset);
template <typename LocationType, typename DataType = float>
class WeatherStation {
public:
WeatherStation(LocationType loc) : location_(loc) {}
void record_observation(DataType temp, DataType humidity) {
temperature_.add(temp);
humidity_.add(humidity);
}
void generate_report() const {
std::cout << "Station at " << location_ << " Report:\n"
<< "Temperature Range: " << temperature_.min()
<< "°C - " << temperature_.max() << "°C\n"
<< "Humidity Average: " << humidity_.mean() << "%\n";
}
private:
LocationType location_;
WeatherDataContainer<DataType> temperature_;
WeatherDataContainer<DataType> humidity_;
};
使用示例:
// 地理坐标定位站
WeatherStation<std::pair<double, double>> station1({38.9072, -77.0369});
// 地名定位站
WeatherStation<std::string> station2("Beijing Observatory");
// 高精度观测站
WeatherStation<GeoCoordinate, double> precisionStation(
GeoCoordinate{40.7128, -74.0060});
template <typename DataSource, typename FormatPolicy>
class WeatherDataParser {
public:
WeatherDataParser(DataSource source, FormatPolicy policy)
: source_(source), policy_(policy) {}
auto parse() {
auto raw = source_.fetch();
return policy_.process(raw);
}
private:
DataSource source_;
FormatPolicy policy_;
};
// JSON格式策略
class JsonFormat {
public:
WeatherData process(const std::string& json) const {
// JSON解析实现
}
};
// XML格式策略
class XmlFormat {
public:
WeatherData process(const std::string& xml) const {
// XML解析实现
}
};
使用示例:
HttpDataSource httpSource("api.weather.com");
JsonFormat jsonParser;
WeatherDataParser parser(httpSource, jsonParser);
auto data = parser.parse();
// header.h
extern template class WeatherDataContainer<float>;
extern template class WeatherDataContainer<double>;
// source.cpp
template class WeatherDataContainer<float>;
template class WeatherDataContainer<double>;
constexpr
模板template <typename T>
constexpr T celsius_to_kelvin(T celsius) {
return celsius + 273.15;
}
template <typename T>
concept NumericType = std::is_arithmetic_v<T>;
template <NumericType T>
class MeteorologicalModel {
// 模型实现...
};
template <typename FromType, typename ToType>
class UnitConverter {
public:
virtual ToType convert(FromType value) const = 0;
};
template <typename T>
class CelsiusToFahrenheit : public UnitConverter<T, T> {
public:
T convert(T celsius) const override {
return (celsius * 9/5) + 32;
}
};
template <typename T>
class PascalToHectopascal : public UnitConverter<T, T> {
public:
T convert(T pascals) const override {
return pascals / 100;
}
};
template <typename DataType, typename Renderer>
class WeatherVisualizer {
public:
void display(const WeatherDataContainer<DataType>& data) {
Renderer render;
auto formatted = render.prepare(data);
render.draw(formatted);
}
};
class ChartRenderer {
public:
std::string prepare(const auto& data) { /* ... */ }
void draw(const std::string& chart) { /* ... */ }
};
class TextRenderer {
public:
std::string prepare(const auto& data) { /* ... */ }
void draw(const std::string& report) { /* ... */ }
};
应用示例:
WeatherDataContainer<double> tempData;
WeatherVisualizer<double, ChartRenderer> chartView;
chartView.display(tempData);
WeatherVisualizer<float, TextRenderer> textReport;
textReport.display(pressureData);
该类图主要包含以下元素:
ClassName~T~
WeatherDataContainer~T, MaxSamples~
WeatherStation
与地理坐标类型的组合关系classDiagram
class WeatherDataContainer~float~ as FloatContainer
class WeatherDataContainer~double~ as DoubleContainer
模板代码组织
.tpp
扩展名分离声明与实现// weather_data.h
template
class WeatherData {
// 声明
void process();
};
// weather_data.tpp
template
void WeatherData::process() { /* 实现 */ }
编译性能优化
extern template
声明类型安全
static_assert
进行类型约束template <typename T, typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point_v<T>>>
class ClimateModel { /*...*/ };
调试技巧
typeid(T).name()
调试类型问题数值天气预报(NWP)
template <typename FloatType, size_t GridSize>
class AtmosphericModel {
// 使用模板参数控制数值精度和网格尺寸
};
气象设备抽象
template <typename SensorInterface>
class WeatherStationController {
// 兼容多种传感器接口
};
数据格式转换
template <typename InputFormat, typename OutputFormat>
class DataTranscoder {
// 实现GRIB到NetCDF等格式转换
};
可变参数模板
template <typename... SensorTypes>
class MultiSensorStation {
// 支持任意数量/类型的传感器
};
模板元编程
template <int Years>
class ClimateTrendAnalysis {
static constexpr int BaseYear = 2000;
// 编译期计算相关参数
};
跨平台抽象
template <typename PlatformAPI>
class WeatherAppFramework {
// 适配不同平台API
};
通过模板类的灵活应用,我们可以构建出既高度通用又类型安全的气象软件系统。关键优势体现在:
领域建模能力
性能优势
扩展灵活性
代码可维护性
随着C++20 concepts的普及和模块系统的应用,模板类在气象等科学计算领域的优势将进一步扩大。建议结合具体项目需求,逐步引入模板技术构建高可维护性的气象算法库。