swift菜鸟教程28（协议)

今日学习内容：

1.Swift 协议

1.1定义

允许开发者定义接口，指定某个类型必须具有的属性和方法

1.2语法

protocol SomeProtocol {
    // 这里可以定义协议要求
    var someProperty: Int { get set }
    func someMethod()
}

应该将父类名放在协议名之前，

class SomeClass: SomeSuperClass, FirstProtocol, AnotherProtocol {
    // 类的内容
}

1.3对属性的规定

protocol ClassA {
    var marks: Int { get set }
    var result: Bool { get }
    
    func attendance() -> String
    func markssecured() -> String
}

protocol ClassB: ClassA {
    var present: Bool { get set }
    var subject: String { get set }
    var stname: String { get set }
}

class ClassC: ClassB {
    var marks = 96
    let result = true
    var present = false
    var subject = "Swift 协议"
    var stname = "Protocols"
    
    func attendance() -> String {
        return "The \(stname) has secured 99% attendance"
    }
    
    func markssecured() -> String {
        return "\(stname) has scored \(marks) marks"
    }
}

let studdet = ClassC()
studdet.stname = "Swift"
studdet.marks = 98

print(studdet.markssecured())
print(studdet.attendance())
print("Marks: \(studdet.marks)")
print("Result: \(studdet.result)")
print("Present: \(studdet.present)")
print("Subject: \(studdet.subject)")
print("Student Name: \(studdet.stname)")

以上程序执行输出结果为：

Swift has scored 98 marks
The Swift has secured 99% attendance
Marks: 98
Result: true
Present: false
Subject: Swift 协议
Student Name: Swift

1.4对 Mutating 方法的规定

protocol Daysofaweek {
    mutating func show()
}

enum Days: Daysofaweek {
    case sun, mon, tue, wed, thurs, fri, sat

    mutating func show() {
        switch self {
        case .sun:
            self = .sun
            print("Sunday")
        case .mon:
            self = .mon
            print("Monday")
        case .tue:
            self = .tue
            print("Tuesday")
        case .wed:
            self = .wed
            print("Wednesday")
        case .thurs:
            self = .thurs
            print("Thursday")
        case .fri:
            self = .fri
            print("Friday")
        case .sat:
            self = .sat
            print("Saturday")
        }
    }
}

var res = Days.wed
res.show()

1.5对构造器的规定：构造器实现标上"required"修饰符：

protocol TcpProtocol {
    init(no1: Int)
}

class MainClass {
    var no1: Int // 局部变量
    init(no1: Int) {
        self.no1 = no1 // 初始化
    }
}

class SubClass: MainClass, TcpProtocol {
    var no2: Int
    
    init(no1: Int, no2: Int) {
        self.no2 = no2
        super.init(no1: no1)
    }
    
    // 因为遵循协议，需要加上"required"; 因为继承自父类，需要加上"override"
    required override convenience init(no1: Int) {
        self.init(no1: no1, no2: 0)
    }
}

let res = MainClass(no1: 20)
let show = SubClass(no1: 30, no2: 50)

print("res is: \(res.no1)")
print("show.no1 is: \(show.no1)")
print("show.no2 is: \(show.no2)")

以上程序执行输出结果为：

res is: 20
show.no1 is: 30
show.no2 is: 50

1.6可以被当做类型来使用

protocol Generator {
    associatedtype Members
    func next() -> Members?
}

// 示例代码使用 Swift 标准库中的迭代器和 `map` 函数

// 使用数组的迭代器
var items = [10, 20, 30].makeIterator()
while let x = items.next() {
    print(x)
}

// 使用 `map` 函数
for list in [1, 2, 3].map({ i in i * 5 }) {
    print(list)
}

// 直接打印数组
print([100, 200, 300])
print([1, 2, 3].map({ i in i * 10 }))
以上程序执行输出结果为：

10
20
30
5
10
15
[100, 200, 300]
[10, 20, 30]

1.7通过扩展来扩充已存在类型

protocol AgeClassificationProtocol {
    var age: Int { get }
    func agetype() -> String
}

class Person {
    let firstname: String
    let lastname: String
    var age: Int

    init(firstname: String, lastname: String, age: Int = 10) {
        self.firstname = firstname
        self.lastname = lastname
        self.age = age
    }
}

extension Person: AgeClassificationProtocol {
    func fullname() -> String {
        return "\(firstname) \(lastname)"
    }

    func agetype() -> String {
        switch age {
        case 0...2:
            return "Baby"
        case 3...12: // 修正为从3开始
            return "Child"
        case 13...19:
            return "Teenager"
        case let x where x > 65:
            return "Elderly"
        default:
            return "Normal"
        }
    }
}

// 测试代码
let person1 = Person(firstname: "John", lastname: "Doe", age: 25)
let person2 = Person(firstname: "Jane", lastname: "Smith", age: 70)
let person3 = Person(firstname: "Baby", lastname: "Yoda", age: 1)

print("\(person1.fullname()) is a \(person1.agetype())")
print("\(person2.fullname()) is a \(person2.agetype())")
print("\(person3.fullname()) is a \(person3.agetype())")
以上代码输出结果为：

John Doe is a Normal
Jane Smith is a Elderly
Baby Yoda is a Baby

1.8协议的继承

protocol Classa {
    var no1: Int { get set }
    func calc(sum: Int)
}

protocol Result {
    func print(target: Classa)
}

class Student2: Result {
    func print(target: Classa) {
        target.calc(sum: 1)
    }
}

class Classb: Result {
    func print(target: Classa) {
        target.calc(sum: 5)
    }
}

class Student: Classa {
    var no1: Int = 10
    
    func calc(sum: Int) {
        no1 -= sum
        print("学生尝试 \(sum) 次通过")
        
        if no1 <= 0 {
            print("学生缺席考试")
        }
    }
}

class Player {
    var stmark: Result!
    
    init(stmark: Result) {
        self.stmark = stmark
    }
    
    func print(target: Classa) {
        stmark.print(target: target)
    }
}

var marks = Player(stmark: Student2())
var marksec = Student()

marks.print(target: marksec)
marks.print(target: marksec)
marks.print(target: marksec)
marks.stmark = Classb()
marks.print(target: marksec)
marks.print(target: marksec)
marks.print(target: marksec)
以上程序执行输出结果为：

学生尝试 1 次通过
学生尝试 1 次通过
学生尝试 1 次通过
学生尝试 5 次通过
学生尝试 5 次通过
学生缺席考试
学生尝试 5 次通过
学生缺席考试

1.9添加class关键字,限制协议只能适配到类（class）类型。

protocol TcpProtocol {
    init(no1: Int)
}

class MainClass {
    var no1: Int // 局部变量
    init(no1: Int) {
        self.no1 = no1 // 初始化
    }
}

class SubClass: MainClass, TcpProtocol {
    var no2: Int

    init(no1: Int, no2: Int) {
        self.no2 = no2
        super.init(no1: no1)
    }
    
    // 因为遵循协议，需要加上"required"; 因为继承自父类，需要加上"override"
    required override convenience init(no1: Int) {
        self.init(no1: no1, no2: 0)
    }
}

let res = MainClass(no1: 20)
let show = SubClass(no1: 30, no2: 50)

print("res is: \(res.no1)")
print("show.no1 is: \(show.no1)")
print("show.no2 is: \(show.no2)")
以上程序执行输出结果为：

res is: 20
show.no1 is: 30
show.no2 is: 50

1.10检验协议的一致性

is操作符用来检查实例是否遵循了某个协议。
as?返回一个可选值，当实例遵循协议时，返回该协议类型;否则返回nil。
as用以强制向下转型，如果强转失败，会引起运行时错误。

protocol HasArea {
    var area: Double { get }
}

// 定义了Circle类，都遵循了HasArea协议
class Circle: HasArea {
    let pi = 3.1415927
    var radius: Double
    var area: Double { return pi * radius * radius }
    init(radius: Double) { self.radius = radius }
}

// 定义了Country类，都遵循了HasArea协议
class Country: HasArea {
    var area: Double
    init(area: Double) { self.area = area }
}

// Animal是一个没有实现HasArea协议的类
class Animal {
    var legs: Int
    init(legs: Int) { self.legs = legs }
}

let objects: [AnyObject] = [
    Circle(radius: 2.0),
    Country(area: 243_610),
    Animal(legs: 4)
]

for object in objects {
    // 对迭代出的每一个元素进行检查，看它是否遵循了HasArea协议
    if let objectWithArea = object as? HasArea {
        print("面积为 \(objectWithArea.area)")
    } else {
        print("没有面积")
    }
}
以上程序执行输出结果为：

面积为 12.5663708
面积为 243610.0
没有面积