【英语语法】词法---代词

代词

代词是代替名词或名词短语的词类，用于避免重复，使语言更简洁。

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1. 代词的分类

英语代词可分为 9大类，每类有不同的语法功能和指代对象：

代词类型	功能	示例
人称代词	指代特定人或物	I, you, he, they, it
物主代词	表示所属关系	my, your, his, their
反身代词	强调动作回指主语	myself, yourself, itself
指示代词	指代空间/时间上的远近	this, that, these, those
相互代词	表示相互关系	each other, one another
疑问代词	用于提问	who, what, which
关系代词	引导定语从句	who, which, that
不定代词	指代非特定对象	some, any, all, none
连接代词	引导名词性从句	what, whoever

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2. 人称代词

人称代词有 主格（作主语）和 宾格（作宾语）之分，并有单复数变化：

(1) 人称代词变格表

人称	主格	宾格	所有格（物主代词）
第一人称单数	I	me	my
第二人称单数	you	you	your
第三人称单数	he/she/it	him/her/it	his/her/its
第一人称复数	we	us	our
第二人称复数	you	you	your
第三人称复数	they	them	their

(2) 用法对比

• 主格（作主语）：
  She loves music.
They are students.
• 宾格（作动词/介词宾语）：
  Call me later.
Give it to her.

⚠️ 常见错误：
✗ Her and me went shopping. → ✓ She and I went shopping.
（并列主语必须用主格）

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3. 物主代词

分为 形容词性物主代词（修饰名词）和 名词性物主代词（独立使用）：

(1) 物主代词对比表

形容词性	名词性	例句
my	mine	This is my book. / It’s mine.
your	yours	Your pen is blue. / The blue one is yours.
his	his	His car is new. / The new car is his.
her	hers	Her idea is great. / The idea is hers.
its	-	The cat licked its paw. （无名词性形式）
our	ours	Our team won. / The victory is ours.
their	theirs	Their house is big. / The big house is theirs.

(2) 特殊规则

• its vs. it’s：
  ✗ The dog wagged it’s tail. → ✓ The dog wagged its tail.
  （it’s = it is/has，its才是物主代词）
• 名词性物主代词可作表语：
  This pen isn't mine.

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4. 反身代词

用于表示动作回指主语自身，构成方式为：
形容词性物主代词 + -self/-selves（复数）

(1) 反身代词形式

人称	单数	复数
第一人称	myself	ourselves
第二人称	yourself	yourselves
第三人称	himself/herself/itself	themselves

(2) 三大核心用法

1. 强调主语（可省略不影响句意）：
   I myself saw the accident.
2. 动作回指主语（不可省略）：
   She hurt herself.
3. 介词宾语（当宾语与主语相同时）：
   He spoke to himself.

⚠️ 错误警示：
✗ He and myself will go. → ✓ He and I will go.
（反身代词不能独立作主语）

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5. 指示代词

指代空间或概念上的远近：

代词	指代范围	例句
this	近处单数	This is my phone.
that	远处单数	That looks expensive.
these	近处复数	These are fresh apples.
those	远处复数	Those were my friends.

特殊用法：

• 电话用语：Hello, is this Mr. Smith?
• 指代前文：He was late. This annoyed me.

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6. 不定代词

指代非特定对象，分为 三类：

(1) 复合不定代词

以-body	以-one	以-thing	用法
somebody	someone	something	肯定句（某…）
anybody	anyone	anything	疑问/否定句（任何…）
nobody	no one	nothing	否定（没有…）

例句：

• Someone is knocking.
• Do you know anyone here?
• She said nothing.

(2) 数量不定代词

指代可数	指代不可数	通用
many, few	much, little	some, any, all
several, both	-	none, neither

例句：

• Many agree, but few act.
• We have little time left.

(3) 不定代词的主谓一致

• Each of the students has a book. （单数动词）
• All the water is gone. （不可数→单数）
• All the books are here. （可数→复数）

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7. 疑问代词

(1)疑问代词（用于提问）

代词	指代对象	例句
who	人（主格）	Who is that?
whom	人（宾格）	Whom did you meet?
whose	所属关系	Whose bag is this?
which	特定选择	Which do you prefer?
what	事物/抽象概念	What happened?

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8. 关系代词

(1)关系代词（引导定语从句）

代词	用法	例句
who	指代人（主语）	The man who called you is here.
whom	指代人（宾语，正式语体）	The girl whom I met is kind.
which	指代物/动物	The book which you lent me is great.
that	指代人/物	The dog that barks is mine.
whose	表示所属	The student whose phone rang was embarrassed.