2021 年 12 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 2 套）——解析版

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2021年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套）

Part I Writing (30minutes)

Directions: Suppose your university student union is planning to hold a speech contest. You are now to write a proposal for organizing the contest. The proposal may include the topic, aim , procedure and selection of contestants. You will have 30 minutes to write the proposal. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (1) A 22-year-old Chinese woman who suffered from a persistent cough was shocked to learn that she had a piece of chicken bone lodged in her lung.
  The unnamed woman, from the province of Shandong, started to have coughing problems when she was 7 or 8 years old. For 14 years, she made numerous hospital visits. However, no doctor could identify any problem. Her uncontrollable coughing was a mystery.
  Finally, the woman got a full body scan at a hospital in the city of Qingdao. This special medical procedure revealed she had a chicken bone stuck in her lung. (2) Doctors performed surgery and removed the bone. The simple procedure went smoothly and the woman has recovered fully. With the bone finally removed from her lung, the woman is very happy that she no longer suffers from that annoying cough.

  (1) 一名 22 岁的中国女子患有持续咳嗽，她震惊地发现竟是因为一块鸡骨头卡在了她的肺部。
  这名不愿透露姓名的女子来自山东省，在 7、8 岁时就开始出现咳嗽问题。14 年来，她多次去医院就诊。然而，没有医生能诊断出任何问题。她无法控制的咳嗽是个谜。
  最终，这名女子在青岛的一家医院接受了全身扫描。这个特殊的医疗程序显示她的肺里卡了一根鸡骨头。(2) 医生通过手术移除了卡在女士肺部的鸡骨头。这个简单的手术进行得很顺利，这名女子已经完全康复。随着骨头终于从她的肺中取出，这位女士非常高兴，她不用再忍受烦人的咳嗽了。

2021-12-02-01.—开头第一句—原词复现一个“cough”

1. A. She was pierced by a chicken bone.
   B. She was coughing all the time.
   C. She suffered from lung cancer.
   D. She suffered from shock.

1. A.她被鸡骨头刺穿了。
B.她一直咳嗽。
C.她患了肺癌。
D.她受到了惊吓。

1.What was the woman’s problem?
B【精析】事实细节题。新闻开头提到，一位 22 岁的女士持续咳嗽，竟是因为有一块鸡骨头卡在了她的肺部。由此可知，女士曾经受久咳的折磨。因此，答案为 B。

2021-12-02-02.—结尾第二句—原词复现一个“surgery”

2. A. By eating chicken soup daily
   B. Through regular exercising
   C. Through a surgical operation
   D. By using traditional Chinese medicine.

2. A.每天喝鸡汤。
B.通过定期锻炼。
C.通过外科手术。 
D.通过使用中药。

2.How was the woman’s problem eventually solved?
C【精析】事实细节题。新闻中提到，医生通过手术移除了卡在女士肺部的鸡骨头，女士得以完全康复。因此，答案为 C。

Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (3-1) A white sheep named Prickles that ran away from an Australian farm during the 2013 bushfires, recently returned home.
  According to farmer Alice Gray, Prickles was only a lamb when she ran away. The bushfires that hit the area back then destroyed a large part of her family’s massive property. They thought Prickles had died in the fire. But instead, (3-2) the young sheep escaped into a 200-acre forest near the farm. Once the fires were over, (4) the family had to fix the damage done to the farm, as it was such a large property. This included rebuilding about 50 kilometers of fencing. It was this huge fencing that prevented Prickles from finding her way back. Over the years, the family spotted her a few times. They even recorded her with cameras installed to monitor deer activity. But while they knew Prickles was alive, they couldn’t find her and never expected her to return by herself. Seven years later, they were proven wrong.

  (3-1)在 2013 年的丛林大火中，一只从澳大利亚的一个农场逃跑的名叫普里克尔斯的白色绵羊，最近回家了。
  据农场主爱丽丝·格雷说，普里克尔离家出走时还是只小羊。当时袭击该地区的森林大火摧毁了她家大部分的巨额财产。他们以为普里克尔死在火里了。但相反，(3-2) 这只小绵羊逃到了农场附近一片 200 英亩的森林里。大火过后，(4) 这家人不得不修复火灾对农场造成的损坏，因为这是一笔巨大的财产。包括重建约 50 公里的围栏。正是这个巨大的围栏阻止了普里克尔斯找到回去的路。多年来，这家人发现过她几次。他们甚至用安装了监控鹿活动的摄像头记录下了她。但他们即使知道普里克尔斯还活着，却找不到她，也不指望她能自己回来。7 年后，事实证明他们错了。

2021-12-02-03.—开头第一句—原词复现两个“ran away”

3. A. It was born 13 years ago.
   B. It was Alice Gray’s lovely pet.
   C. It got injured in a big bushfire.
   D. It ran away into a nearby forest.

3. A.它诞生于13年前。
B.它是爱丽丝·格雷的可爱的宠物。
C.它在一场森林大火中受伤了。
D.它跑进了附近的森林。

3.What does the news report say about the white sheep Prickles?
D【精析】事实细节题。新闻中提到，一只名叫普里克尔斯的白色绵羊在 2013 年的丛林大火中逃走，这只小羊逃到了附近的森林里。因此，答案为 D。

2021-12-02-04.—结尾第四句/开头第五句—原词复现两个“fencing”、“farm”

4. A. They rebuilt the fencing around their farm.
   B. They spent seven years replanting their far.
   C. They claimed damages for their heavy losses
   D. They installed a camera to monitor sheep activity.

4. 他们重建了农场周围的栅栏。
B.他们花了7年时间重新种植。
C.他们要求赔偿他们的重大损失。
D.他们安装了一个摄像头来监控羊的活动。

4.What did the family do after the bushfires?
A【精析】事实细节题。新闻中提到，大火过后，他们不得不修复火灾对农场造成的损坏， 其中包括重建约 50 公里的围栏。因此，答案为 A。

Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (5) Tons of gold have fallen out of the sky in Russia after a cargo plane malfunctioned in midair this morning.
  The aircraft was carrying 265 million pounds worth of gold and diamonds, when the door flew open-sending the precious metal back to earth.
  According to the official news agency, Russian authorities have recovered more than 170 gold bars weighing 20 kilograms each. The plane was traveling from Yakutsk Airport in a major diamond-producing region to the city Krasnoyarsk in Siberia.
  (6) However, the aircraft made an emergency landing in Magan after it began losing some of its valuable cargo.
  Reports suggest some bars of gold were scattered up to 15 miles away from the airport. Nine tons of gold on plane AN-12 belonged to a goldmine company.
  Police have sealed off the runway, and say it is unclear if it was an accident or an attempted robbery. (7) Technical engineers who worked on the plane prior to take-off are reportedly going to be questioned by the police.

  (5)今天早上，俄罗斯一架货机在空中出现故障，成吨的黄金从天而降。
  飞机上载有价值 2.65 亿英镑的黄金和钻石，当舱门突然打开时，这些贵重金属掉回了地面。
  据俄罗斯官方通讯社报道，俄罗斯当局已经找回了 170 多根金条，每根重达 20 公斤。这架飞机当时正从主要钻石产地的雅库茨克机场飞往西伯利亚克拉斯诺亚尔斯克市。
  (6) 然而，这架飞机在丢失部分贵重货物后，在梅根进行紧急降落。
  报道称，一些金条散落在离机场15 英里远的地方。AN-12 飞机上的九吨黄金属于一家金矿公司。
  警方已经封锁了跑道，他们尚不清楚这是一场意外事故还是蓄谋抢劫。(7)飞机起飞前在飞机上工作的技术工程师将接受警方的讯问。

2021-12-02-05.—开头第一句—原词复现出现“of gold”

5. A. The disappearance of some gold and diamonds.
   B. The transfer of tons of precious metal by air
   C. The crash of a Russian cargo airplane.
   D. The loss of gold from an airplane.

5. A.一些黄金和钻石的消失。
B.用飞机运送成吨的贵重金属。
C.俄罗斯货机坠毁。
D.飞机上丢失的黄金。

5.What is the news report mainly about?
D【精析】主旨大意题。新闻开头提到，一架货运飞机在俄罗斯上空发生故障，大量黄金从飞机上散落下来。随后指出，飞机在开始丢失贵重货物后紧急降落，接着分析了黄金的散落位置、出处以及丢失黄金的原因。因此可知，新闻围绕飞机上遗失的黄金展开，故答案为 D 。

2021-12-02-06.—开头第五句—原词复现四个“made an emergency landing”

6. A. It made an emergency landing.
   B. It infomed the local police at once.
   C. It contacted the goldmine company
   D. It had a crew member fix the problem.

6. A.飞机紧急着陆。
B.它立即通知了当地警方。
C.它联系了金矿公司
D.一名机组人员解决了这个问题。

6.What did the aircraft do when the incident happened?
A【精析】事实细节题。新闻中提到，部分贵重货物丢失后，飞机进行了紧急降落。因此，答案为 A。

2021-12-02-07.—结尾第一句—原词复现五个“be questioned by the police”

7. A. They will cooperate with the police
   B. They had checked the plane carefully
   C. They will be questioned by the police
   D. They took some gold bars and diamonds

7. A.他们将与警方合作
B.他们仔细检查了飞机
C.他们将受到警察的盘问
D.他们拿走了一些金条和钻石

7.What does the news report say about the technical engineers who worked on the plane before take- off?
C【精析】事实细节题。新闻末尾提到，警方已经封锁了机场跑道，他们尚不清楚这是一场意外事故还是蓄谋抢劫。飞机起飞前在飞机上的技术工程师将受到警方的讯问。因此，答案为 C。

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

8. A. For the company’s records.
   B. For future training purposes.
   C. To follow the company’s rule
   D. To ensure information security.

9. A. To check her customer reference number.
   B. To inquire about the price of office chairs.
   C. To gether money back for the returned chair.
   D. To make complaints about its customer service.

10. A. She had to update its information.
    B. She forgot where she had left it.
    C. She lost it about three days ago.
    D. She was issued a new card.

11. A. Reconsider her options for payment methods
    B. Make a specific note on the company’s system.
    C. Update her bank card details on the company’s website.
    D. Upload her personal information to the company’s website.

Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

12. A. He is feeling exhausted.
    B. He is tired of cooking.
    C. He has to work late.
    D. He wants to try Asian foods.

13. A. Book a table.
    B. Order a delivery.
    C. Download a menu.
    D. Locate a restaurant.

14. A. It is not tasty.
    B. It is not healthy.
    C. It is too oily.
    D. It is too spicy.

15. A. She is too concerned about money.
    B. She is too weight-conscious.
    C. She is too picky about food.
    D. She is too eager to please

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.

16. A. Owners’personalities affect their cats’behaviour and wellbeing.
    B. Parents’personalities can affect the personalities of their children.
    C. Parents and cat owners alike experience high levels of anxiet.
    D. More and more people are treating pet cats like their children.

17. A. Give their pets behavioural training
    B. Provide their pets with the best care.
    C. Know their pets’feelings and desires.
    D. Interact with their pets in novel ways

18. A. More convincing explanation
    B. More extensive sampling.
    C. Collection of more data.
    D. Further investigation.

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.

19. A. People should do more running than mere walking
    B. Running is the best exercise for extending one’s life.
    C. People should exercise at least 60 minutes every day.
    D. Running is the easiest form of exercise for most people.

20. A. Improving their brain function.
    B. Regulating their breathing rate
    C. Slowing down their ageing process
    D. Accelerating their blood circulation.

21. A. They found it easy to control their emotions.
    B. They struggled to handle negative emotions
    C. They were more eager to enjoy a movie.
    D. They were less affected by sad movies.

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

22. A. He is a tour guide.
    B. He is a famous architect.
    C. He is a local entrepreneur.
    D. He is the owner of the Hill House.

23. A. He studied the blueprints of other famous buildings
    B. He inquired about his client’s family background.
    C. He observed his client’s life and habits.
    D. He took a tour of his client’s old home.

24. A. A house made of timber and brick.
    B. A house with a lot of free space.
    C. A house of the current fashion.
    D. A house of a unique design

25. A. They are well preserved and in pretty good shape
    B. They are copies built to the architect’s designs.
    C. They were designed by another architect.
    D. They were badly damaged but restored.

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list ofchoices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

  It is commonly believed that the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon on April 23, 1564. But it is impossible to know the 26 day on which he was born.
  Church records show he was baptized (施洗礼）on April 26, and three days was a customary amount of time to wait before baptizing a newly born baby. Shakespeare’s date of death is 27 known, however: it was April 23, 1616. He was 52 and had retired to Stratford three years before.
  Although few plays have been performed or analyzed as extensively as the 38 plays Shakespeare wrote, there are few surviving details about his life. This 28 of biographical information is due primarily to his social 29; he was not a noble, but the son of a leather trader.
  Shakespeare 30 attended the grammar school in Stratford, where he would have studied Latin and read 31 literature. He did not go to university and at age 18 married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years his 32. They had four children, including the twins, Hamnet and Judith. Nothing is known of the period between the birth of the twins and Shakespeare’s 33 as a dramatist in London in the early 1590s.
  In a million words written over 20 years, he 34 the full range of human emotions and conflicts with a 35 that remains sharp today. As his great contemporary the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson said, "He was not of an age, but for all time.

A. captured
B. classical
C. conclusively
D. emergence
E. exact
F. generated
G. particular
H. position
I. precision
J. probably
K. quality
L. scarcity
M. senior
N. separated
O. systematically

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

How to not be boring

A. Humans are creatures of habit. We love to establish a routine and stick with it. Then we often put ourselves on auto-pilot. Routines can be incredibly useful in helping you get things done. However, too much of a routine can also make you incredibly boring. Nevertheless, many people live lives that are boringly predictable, or live a life where everything is outlined or planned.

B. To tell the truth, interesting people are more popular among their friends. If you don’t arouse someone’s curiosity or brighten someone’s day, you probably come across as being a little bit dull. But that doesn’t mean your life has ended and you can’t do anything to change it. If you find yourself searching for something to say beyond small talk, try these tactics to find more interesting approaches to conversation.

C. Recently, I was at a gathering of colleagues when someone turned to me and asked, “So, what’s new with you?” Ordinarily, I think I’m a good conversationalist. After all, it’s literally my job to talk to people and tell their stories or share their advice. And that’s not exactly an unexpected question. Still, the only “new-to-me” topics that came to mind were my daughter’s basketball tournament（锦标赛）and my feelings about that morning’s political headlines- neither amusing nor appropriate topics at that moment

D. Oh, no, I thought. Have I become boring? But sharing our experiences in an authentic way to connect with other people is what makes us interesting, says associate professor Michael Pirson. The hesitation I felt in not sharing the ordinary things that were happening in my life, and the wild mental search for something more interesting, may have backfired and made me seem less interesting.

E. “If someone is making up some conversation that might be interesting, it’s probably not going to land well,” says Pirson, whose expertise includes trust and well-being, mindfulness, and humanistic management. “It’s going to feel like a made-up conversation that people don’t necessarily want to tune in to .”

F. The most interesting people aren’t those who’ve gone on some Eat, Pray, Love journey to find themselves. Instead, Pirson says, they’re those who examine the ordinary. “Often, the ‘boring things’ may not be boring at all. Maybe they are actually little miracles,” he says. Share your observations about the world around you — interesting stories you heard or things you noticed— and you may be surprised by the universal connection they inspire.

G. This is essentially how Jessica Hagy starts her day.The author of How to Be Interesting：An Instruction Manual,Hagy spends a lot of time thinking about what’s interesting to her.People who are interesting are persistently curious,she says.

H. Think about the everyday things around you and ask questions about them.What is that roadside monument I see on my way to work every day? Who built that interesting building in my city?What nearby attractions haven’t I visited?Why do people do things that way? Use what you find to ask more questions and learn more about the world around you.“Having that sort of curiosity is almost like a protective gear from getting into boredom,” she says.And when you find things that are truly interesting to you, share them.

I. Television veteran Audrey Morrissey,executive producer of NBC’s The Voice,is always looking for what will make a person or story interesting to viewers: It’s usually a matter of individuality. “Having a strong point of view, signature style, or being a super-enthusiast in a particular field makes someone interesting,” she says.That means embracing what is truly interesting or unique about yourself. “Many people are ‘not boring’ in the way that they can carry a conversation or can be good at a social gathering, etc. To be interesting means that you have lived life, taken risks,traveled, sought out experience to learn for yourself and share with others,” she says.

J. Of course,it’s possible to be a fountain of knowledge and a boring person,says public relations consultant Andrea Pass.Paying attention to the listener is an important part of having a conversation that’s interesting to both parties. Talking on and on about what’s interesting to you isn’t going to make you an interesting person,she says.

K. “If the listener is not paying attention, it’s your sign to shorten the story or change direction. Make sure to bring the audience into the conversation so that it is not one-sided,” Pass says. Be a better listener yourself, and give others opportunities to participate in the conversation by inviting them with questions or requests to share the own experiences or thoughts.(e.g.,“Now,tell me about your favorite book,” or “Have you ever been to that attraction?”) Questions are a powerful tool, especially when they encourage others to disclose information about themselves. A 2012 study from the University of California, Santa Barbara, found that roughly 40% of the time we are talking,we’re disclosing subjective information about our experience.And when we’re doing so, our brains are more engaged. So one strategy to leave others with the impression that you’re a sparkling conversation partner is to get others to talk about themselves.

L. Being relatable is also essential, Morrissey says. “The best entertainment and storytelling comes from people who are relatable- those who don’t shy away from opening up but freely share who they are and what they care about.These are the people viewers most relate to and find interesting.Being authentic, honest, and vulnerable is always interesting.”

M. I have now come to realize that being boring, in actuality, is not only about who you are as a person, but also how you present yourself. No matter what, make sure you are having fun in life. Because when you are enjoying, people around you will begin to enjoy as well. Show some interest in them and they will definitely show some in you If you are a very reserved person, this could be a little difficult at first. But with a little effort, you can definitely improve.

36. Pirson claims that some ordinary things may often prove to be miraculously interesting.
37. To make a conversation interesting, it is important that you listen to the other party attentively.
38. A person who is unable to stimulate others’ curiosity or make their life enjoyable may appear somewhat boring.
39. Interesting people usually possess certain unique qualities, according to a TV program producer.
40. Be interested in others and they are sure to be interested in you.
41. The author considers himself usually good at conducting conversations.
42. Interesting people are always full of curiosit.
43. Falling into a routine can tum a person into an utter bore.
44. One strategy to be a good conversationalist is to motivate your partner to tell their own stories.
45. Interesting as it might appear, a made-up conversation will probably turnout to be dull.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  With obesity now affecting 29% of the population in England, and expected to rise to 35% by 2030, should we now recognise it as a disease? Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding. He points out that more than 200 genes influence weight. “Thus body weight is strongly influenced by biology- it is not an individual’s fault if they develop obesity.” Yet the widespread view is that obesity is self-induced and that it is entirely the individual’s responsibility to do something about it. Recognising obesity as a chronic disease with severe complications rather than a lifestyle choice “should help reduce the stigma（耻辱）and discrimination experienced by many people with obesity,” he adds.
  Professor Wilding disagrees that labelling a high proportion of the population as having a disease removes personal responsibility or may overwhelm health services,pointing out that other common diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, require people to take action to manage their condition. He suggests that most people with obesity will eventually develop complications. “But unless we accept that obesity is a disease, we are not going to be able to tackle it,” he concludes.
  But Dr. Richard Pile, a physician with a special interest in diabetes, argues that adopting this approach “could actually result in worse outcomes for individuals and society.” He believes that the dictionary definition of disease “is so vague that we can classify almost anything as a disease” and says the question is not whether we can, but whether we should, and to what end.
  If labelling obesity as a disease was harmless then it wouldn’t really matter, he writes.But labelling obesity as a disease “risks reducing autonomy, disempowering and robbing people of the intrinsic (内在的） motivation that is such an important enabler of change.” What’s more, making obesity a disease “may not benefit patients, but it will benefit healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical（制药的）industry when health insurance and clinical guidelines promote treatment with drugs and surgery,” he warns.

【文章来源】
本文选自 2019 年 7 月 17 日刊登在 www.sciencedaily.com(每日科学网站)上的一 篇标题为“Should obesity be recognized as a disease?”(《肥胖应该被视为一种疾病吗？》)的文章。

【结构框图】

【参考译文】
  如今，有 29%的英国人受肥胖影响，而这个数据预计 2030 年会上升至 35%。我们现在 应该把肥胖视为一种疾病吗？(46)约翰 ·怀尔丁教授认为，肥胖是指体内多余的脂肪堆积到对健康造成不利影响的程度，符合字典对疾病的定义。他指出，有 20 多种基因会影响体重。 “因此，生物学对体重影响极大一一发胖并不是个人的错。”(47)然而，普遍的观点是，肥胖 是自己造成的，对此做些什么完全是个人的责任。承认肥胖是一种带有严重并发症的慢性疾 病，而不是一种生活方式的选择“应该有助于减少许多肥胖人士所经历的耻辱和歧视，”他补充道。
  (48)将较高比例的人口贴上患病的标签会使个人责任消失，或者可能使医疗服务不堪重 负，怀尔丁教授不赞同这一观点。他指出，其他常见疾病，如高血压和糖尿病，需要人们采 取行动来控制自己的病情。他认为，大多数肥胖患者最终都会出现并发症。“但除非我们承认肥胖是一种疾病，否则我们将无法解决它，”他总结道。
  但对糖尿病特别感兴趣的理查德 ·派尔医生认为，采用这种方法“实际上可能对个人和 社会造成更糟糕的后果” 。(49)他认为，字典上对疾病的定义“如此模糊，以至于我们几乎可以将任何事物归类为疾病” 。他说，问题不在于我们是否可以，而在于我们是否应该，以及目的是什么。
  他写道，如果把肥胖列为一种疾病不会产生危害，那就没什么影响。但是，把肥胖视为 一种疾病“可能会降低人们的自主权，削减并剥夺人们内在的动力，而这种动力是推动改变 的重要因素。”（50）此外，他警告说，将肥胖看作一种疾病“可能不会给患者带来好处，但当医疗保险和临床指南提倡药物和手术治疗时，它将使医疗保健服务提供者和制药行业受益。”

2021-12-02-46.—细节辨认题—由“200 genes influence weight”推出“genetic disease”

46. What does Professor John Wilding argue about obesity?【原文：Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding. He points out that more than 200 genes influence weight. “Thus body weight is strongly influenced by biology-it is not an individual’s fault if they develop obesity.” 】
    A. Its impact on society is expected to rise.
    B. It is now too widespread to be neglected.
    C. It should be regarded as a genetic disease.
    D. Its dictionary definition should be updated

46. 约翰·怀尔丁教授对肥胖有什么看法？
A.它对社会的影响预计会上升。
B.它现在太普遍了，不容忽视。
C.它应该被视为一种遗传性疾病。
D.它的字典定义应该更新。

46 【定位】由题干中 Professor John Wilding 定位至第一段第二、三句。

C 【精析】 细节辨认题。定位句提到，约翰 ·怀尔丁教授认为肥胖符合字典对疾病的定义。 他指出，有 200 多个基因影响体重。由此可知，肥胖是一种受基因影响的疾病，故答案为C。

【避错】 第一段第一句提到，预计到 2030 年，将有 35%的英国人口受肥胖影响,但是这并 不是约翰 ·怀尔丁教授的看法,故排除 A；原文中并没有提到肥胖：是否已不容忽视，故排除 B；

原文第一段第二句只是说肥胖符合疾病的字典定义，而没有说应该更新肥胖的字典定义，故排除 D。

2021-12-02-47.—细节辨认题—定位同义替换popular替换为widespread

47. What is the popular view of obesity?【原文：Recognising obesity as a chronic disease with severe complications rather than a lifestyle choice “should help reduce the stigma（耻辱）and discrimination experienced by many people with obesity,” he adds. Yet the widespread view is that obesity is self-induced and that it is entirely the individual’s responsibility to do something about it.】
    A. It is difficult to define.
    B. It is a modem disease.
    C. It has much to do with one’s genes.
    D. It results from a lack of self-control.

47. 人们对肥胖的普遍看法是什么？
A.很难定义。
B.这是一种现代疾病。
C.这与一个人的基因有很大关系。
D.缺乏自制力。

47 【定位】由题干中 the popular view of obesity 定位至第一段第五句。

D 【精析】 细节辨认题。定位句提到，普遍的观点是，肥胖是自己造成的，对此做些什么完全是个人的责任。由此可知，人们普遍认为肥胖是个人因素，是由于缺乏自控力导致的，故答案为 D。

【避错】 A“很难定义”与 B“它是一种现代疾病”在原文中均未提及，因此排除；第一段第四句提到生物学对体重影响极大，但这是约翰·怀尔丁教授的看法，而非人们的普遍观点，故排除 C。

2021-12-02-48.—细节辨认题—同义替换—removes personal responsibility替换为not feel responsible to

48. Why are some people opposed to labelling obesity as a disease?【原文：Professor Wilding disagrees that labelling a high proportion of the population as having a disease removes personal responsibility or may overwhelm health services,pointing out that other common diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, require people to take action to manage their condition. He suggests that most people with obesity will eventually develop complications. “But unless we accept that obesity is a disease, we are not going to be able to tackle it,” he concludes.】
    A. Obese people would not feel responsible to take any action
    B. Obese people would not be able to afford the medical costs.
    C. Obese people would be overwhelmed with anxiety.
    D. Obese people would be discriminated against.

48. 为什么有些人反对将肥胖列为一种疾病？
A.肥胖的人不会觉得有责任采取任何行动。
B.肥胖的人负担不起医疗费用。
C.肥胖的人会被焦虑淹没。
D.肥胖的人会受到歧视。

48.【定位】由题干中 labelling obesity as a disease 定位至第二段第一句。

A 【精析】 细节辨认题。定位句提到，将较高比例的人口贴上患病的标签会使个人责任消失， 或者可能使医疗服务不堪重负，怀尔丁教授不同意这一观点。反过来说，人们反对将肥胖列为疾病，就是认为这样做的话会让肥胖者认为自已没有责任，不需采取任何行动，故答案为 A。

【避错】 B“肥胖的人负担不起医疗费用”与 C“肥胖的人会被焦虑压倒”在原文中均未提及，因此排除；原文第一段最后一句提到，将肥胖列为疾病有助于减少肥胖者遭受的歧视，虽然 D的意思与原文内容相符，但是与题干不符，故排除。

2021-12-02-49.—细节辨认题—关键单词不懂vague模糊—同义替换vague替换为inclusive

49. What does Dr. Richard Pile think of the dictionary definition of disease?【原文：But Dr. Richard Pile, a physician with a special interest in diabetes, argues that adopting this approach “could actually result in worse outcomes for individuals and society.” He believes that the dictionary definition of disease “is so vague that we can classify almost anything as a disease” and says the question is not whether we can, but whether we should, and to what end.】
    A. It is of no use in understanding obesity.
    B. It is too inclusive and thus lacks clarity.
    C. It helps little to solve patients’problems
    D. It matters little to the debate over obesity.

49. 理查德·派尔博士对词典中疾病的定义有什么看法？
A.它对理解肥胖没有用处。
B.过于宽泛，因此缺乏明确性。
C.它对解决病人的问题帮助不大。
D.这与关于肥胖的争论无关。

49.【定位】由题干中 Dr. Richard Pile 和 the dictionary definition of disease 定位至第三段第二句。

B【精析】 细节辨认题。定位句提到，理查德 ·派尔医生认为,字典上对疾病的定义“如此模糊，以至于我们几乎可以将任何事物归类为疾病” 。也就是说，疾病的定义范围太大，缺乏清晰度。因此本题答案为 B。

【避错】 A“它对了解肥胖是没有用的”、C“它对解决病人的问题帮助不大”和 D“这与对肥胖的争论无关”三项在原文中均未提及，因此排除。

2021-12-02-50.—细节辨认题—may not benefit 替换为 a little good没有好处

50. What is Dr. Richard Pile’s concern about classifying obesity as a disease?【原文：But labelling obesity as a disease “risks reducing autonomy, disempowering and robbing people of the intrinsic (内在的） motivation that is such an important enabler of change.” What’s more, making obesity a disease “may not benefit patients, but it will benefit healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical（制药的）industry when health insurance and clinical guidelines promote treatment with drugs and surgery,” he warns.】
    A. It may affect obese people’s quality of life.
    B. It may accelerate the spread of obesit.
    C. It may cause a shortage of doctors.
    D. It may do little good to patients

50. Richard Pile博士对将肥胖归类为一种疾病的担忧是什么？
A.它可能会影响肥胖者的生活质量。
B.它可能加速肥胖的传播。
C.这可能会导致医生短缺。
D.它可能对病人没有什么好处。

50 【定位】由题干中 Dr. Richard Pile’s concern 和 obesity as a disease 定位至第四段第三句。

D 【精析】 细节辨认题。定位句提到，理查德·派尔医生警告说，将肥胖看作一种疾病可能不会给患者带来好处，因此确定答案为 D。

【避错】 A “它可能会影响肥胖人群的生活质量"、B“它可能加速肥胖的传播”和 C“这可能会导致医生的短缺”三项在原文中均未提及，因此排除。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  Nationwide, only about three percent of early childhood teachers are male in the U. S.Experts say this can have an impact on young children whose understanding of gender roles and identity are rapidly forming. Research has found that having access to diverse teachers is beneficial for children. For the youngest learners, it means they are more likely to get exposed to different varieties of play and communication. It also helps them develop healthy ideas around gender.
  “In our world and our society, we have very specific stereotypes（模式化形象）of gender roles,” said Mindi Reich-Shapiro, an assistant professor in the teacher education department of the Borough of Manhattan Community College, and one of the authors of a recent study. “It’s important for children to see other possibilities and other paths they can take.”
  Despite mostly feeling supported by colleagues and family members, many of the male educators surveyed in the study reported facing social or cultural resistance in the careers as early education teachers. Some also reported that there were parents surprised or concerned that their child had a male teacher. And they had been advised by colleagues or other staff not to hug children.
  Reich-Shapiro and fellow researchers made several recommendations to increase male representation in the field. Low pay has long been acknowledged as a major issue in the early childhood field. Over 70% of male educators who said they intended to stay in the early education workforce noted an increased salary was a major motivating factor for them to commit to the career long-term. The report suggests paying all early childhood educators the way elementary schoolteachers are paid
  Cities and programs should establish support groups for male early childhood educators and provide mentoring and professional development advice for male educators and their program leaders.
  The authors also suggest that traditional recruitment approaches for early childhood educators “do not address the gender gap in the field.” They recommend providing young men opportunities to work with children through training and volunteer programs, targeting groups of men who are considering a career change, such as fathers

2021-12-02-51.—推理判断题—易—同义替换—understanding of gender roles替换为raise children’s awareness of gender roles —难—选项A不是help，而是impact影响，是推理题，需要从影响认知推出“negatively impacted”

51. What do we learn from the first paragraph about early childhood education in the U. S. ?【原文：Nationwide, only about three percent of early childhood teachers are male in the U. S. Experts say this can have an impact on young children whose understanding of gender roles and identity are rapidly forming. Research has found that having access to diverse teachers is beneficial for children. For the youngest learners, it means they are more likely to get exposed to different varieties of play and communication. It also helps them develop healthy ideas around gender.】
    A. It helps raise children’s awareness of gender roles.
    B. It exposes children to different ways of interaction.
    C. It is negatively impacted by a lack of male teachers.
    D. It clearly aims to form children’s identity through play.

51. 从第一段我们可以了解到美国早期儿童教育的什么情况？
A.它有助于提高孩子们对性别角色的认识。
B.它使孩子们接触到不同的互动方式。
C.男性教师的缺乏对其产生了负面影响。
D.很明显，它的目的是通过游戏来形成孩子的身份认同。

51.【定位】由题干中 the first paragraph 定位至第一段。
【精析】推理判断题。定位段提到，在整个美国范围内，只有大约 3%的幼儿教师是男性。专家表示，这可能会对儿童产生影响，他们对性别角色和身份的理解正在迅速形成。研究发现，接触不同类型的老师对孩子是有益的。由此可知，男性幼儿教师的缺乏会对儿童产生不利的影响，因此确定答案为 C。

【避错】A、B两项混淆了原文的概念。原文指的是如果儿童接触到不同类型的老师他们可以接触到各种各样的游戏和交流，也有助于他们围绕性别形成健康的观念。而现实是缺少男性幼儿教师，因此排除 A和 B；

D将原文中提到的 play 和 identity 混淆在一起，误解了原文要表达的意思，故排除。

2021-12-02-52.—细节辨认题—同义替换—see other possibilities“看到其他可能性”替换为broadening children’s horizons“拓宽视野”

52. What does Mindi Reich-Shapiro emphasize in her comment on childhood education?【原文：“In our world and our society, we have very specific stereotypes（模式化形象）of gender roles,” said Mindi Reich-Shapiro, an assistant professor in the teacher education department of the Borough of Manhattan Community College, and one of the authors of a recent study. “It’s important for children to see other possibilities and other paths they can take.”】
    A. The importance of broadening children’s horizons.
    B. The responsibilities of fathers for children’s growth.
    C. The urgency of creating teacher education programs
    D. The role of teachers in motivating children to lear.

52. Mindi Reich-Shapiro在她关于儿童教育的评论中强调了什么？
A.拓宽儿童视野的重要性。
B.父亲对孩子成长的责任。
C.创建教师教育项目的紧迫性
D.教师在激励孩子学习方面的作用。

52.【定位】由题干中 Mindi Reich-Shapiro 定位至第二段第二句。
A

【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，让孩子们看到其他的可能性和他们可以选择的其他道路是很重要的。也就是说，拓宽孩子的视野是十分重要的，因此确定答案为 A。

【避错】B、C、D三项都不是明迪·赖希-夏皮罗所做的评论，因此排除。

2021-12-02-53.—细节辨认题—易—同义替换—facing social or cultural resistance替换为feel prejudiced against socially and culturally

53. What do we learn about male teachers from their responses in the study?【原文：Despite mostly feeling supported by colleagues and family members, many of the male educators surveyed in the study reported facing social or cultural resistance in the careers as early education teachers. Some also reported that there were parents surprised or concerned that their child had a male teacher. And they had been advised by colleagues or other staff not to hug children.】
    A. Some of them find it awkward when hugging children.
    B. They feel pressured to keep up with female colleagues
    C. They find it hard to meet the expectations of kids’parents
    D. Many of them feel prejudiced against socially and culturally.

53. 从男教师的回答中我们可以了解到什么？
A.有些人觉得拥抱孩子很尴尬。
B.她们觉得跟上女同事的步伐很有压力。
C.他们发现很难满足孩子父母的期望。
D.他们中的许多人感到在社会和文化上受到歧视。

53.【定位】由题干中 male teachers from their responses in the study 定位至第三段第一句。
D

【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，尽管很大程度上感觉得到了同事和家人的支持，许多接受该研究调查的男性教育工作者表示，作为早教教师，他们在职业生涯中面临着社会或文化阻力。也就是说，男性幼儿教师经历着社会和文化的偏见，因此本题答案为 D。

【避错】原文第三段最后一句说的是男性幼儿教师被建议不要拥抱孩子，而不是男老师他们自己觉得拥抱孩子很尴尬，因此排除 A；
B在原文未提及；
原文第三段第二句提到，有些家长对自己孩子的老师是男性感到惊讶或担心，并未涉及家长的期望，因此排除 C。

2021-12-02-54.—细节辨认题—同义替换—an increased salary替换为Higher pay

54. What is needed for men to commit to early childhood education?【原文：Low pay has long been acknowledged as a major issue in the early childhood field. Over 70% of male educators who said they intended to stay in the early education workforce noted an increased salary was a major motivating factor for them to commit to the career long-term.】
    A. Higher pay.
    B. Job security.
    C. Social recognition
    D. Better working conditions.

54. 男性参与幼儿教育需要什么条件？
A.更高的薪水。
B.工作保障。
C.社会认可
D.更好的工作条件。

54.【定位】由题干中 for men to commit to early childhood education 定位至第四段第三句。

A
【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，在打算留在早教工作者队伍中的男性教育工作者中，超过 70%的人表示，加薪是激励他们长期从事这一职业的主要因素。由此可以确定 an increased salary 是关键词，因此本题答案为 A。

【避错 】B“工作稳定”、C“社会认可”和 D“更好的工作环境”三项在原文中并未提及因此排除。

2021-12-02-55.—推理判断题—难—选项C是干扰项，出现多个原词，但是句子意思是错误的—需要从多个措施推出选择B。

55. What do the authors of the study recommend to bridge the gender gap in early childhood education?【原文：The authors also suggest that traditional recruitment approaches for early childhood educators “do not address the gender gap in the field.” They recommend providing young men opportunities to work with children through training and volunteer programs, targeting groups of men who are considering a career change, such as fathers】
    A. Recruiting young men who have a passion for education young children
    B. Taking measures to attract prospective male teachers to work in the field.
    C. Persuading prospective fathers to consider a change in their career.
    D. Providing male teachers with more opportunities for advancement.

55. 该研究的作者建议如何弥合儿童早期教育中的性别差距？
A.招聘对教育幼儿有热情的年轻人。
B.采取措施吸引未来的男教师到外地工作。
C.说服未来的父亲考虑改变他们的职业。
D.为男教师提供更多的晋升机会。

55.【定位】由题干中recommend to bridge the gender gap 定位至第六段。

B
【精析】推理判断题。第六段首句指出，传统的幼儿教育工作者招聘方法不能解决该领域的性别差距。第二句提供了解决方法，即通过培训和志愿者项目为年轻男性提供与孩子一起工作的机会，目标人群是那些考虑跳槽的男性群体，比如爸爸们。由此可知，该研究的作者建议吸引潜在的男老师来从事幼教工作，因此本题答案为 B。

【避错】A和 D在原文中并未提及，因此排除；
第六段第二句说的是这些培训和志愿者项目的目标人群是考虑跳槽的男性群体，比如爸爸们，而不是说服未来的爸爸们考虑改变他们的职业，因此排除 C。

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passagefrom Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2
  坎儿井(Karez)是新疆干旱地区的一种水利系统，由地下渠道将水井连接而成。该系统将春夏季节渗入（seep into）地下的大量雨水及积雪融水收集起来，通过山体的自然坡度引到地面，用于灌溉农田和满足人们的日常用水需求。坎儿井减少了水在地面的蒸发 (evaporation），对地表破坏很小，因而有效地保护了自然资源与生态环境。坎儿井体现了我国人民与自然和谐共存的智慧，是对人类文明的一大贡献。