MySQL order by的一个优化思路

  最近遇到一条SQL线上执行超过5s,这显然无法忍受了,必须要优化了。

  首先看眼库表结构和SQL语句。

CREATE TABLE `xxxxx` (

  `id` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,

  `owner` bigint(20) NOT NULL,

  `publicStatus` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',

  `title` varchar(512) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

  `type` int(11) NOT NULL,

  `deviceType` int(11) NOT NULL,

  `deviceName` varchar(128) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,

  `createTime` bigint(20) NOT NULL,

  `startTime` bigint(20) NOT NULL,

  `finishTime` bigint(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',

  `height` int(11) DEFAULT '0',

  `width` int(11) DEFAULT '0',

  `length` bigint(20) DEFAULT '0',

  `status` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',

  `uploadServer` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',

  `orgfileName` varchar(255) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,

  `img` varchar(255) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,

  `delStatus` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',

  `location` varchar(128) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

  `locationText` varchar(256) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL DEFAULT '',

  `lastModifyTime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

  `extUrl` varchar(1024) COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci DEFAULT NULL,

  `oem` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 DEFAULT NULL,

  `lat` float(10,6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '-1000.000000',

  `lng` float(10,6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '-1000.000000',

  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),

  KEY `index_owner` (`owner`),

  KEY `Index_public` (`publicStatus`),

  KEY `Index_status` (`status`),

  KEY `index_finishTime` (`finishTime`),

  KEY `idx_channel_oem` (`oem`),

  KEY `idx_dev_type` (`deviceType`),

  KEY `idx_delStatus` (`delStatus`),

  KEY `idx_loc_locText` (`location`,`locationText`(255)),

  KEY `idx_lat_lng` (`lat`,`lng`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=583029 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci

  显然这个表结构直观看上去就不是很优化的样子,先不去关心,在看眼SQL。

select * from `AAA` c left join `BBB` o on c.id = o.channelid where c.publicStatus = 2 and c.status= 30 and c.delStatus = 0 order by c.finishTime desc limit 100;

  虽然有一个left join,但是仔细看where条件就可以知道其实问题并不大,只是一个简单的链接,因为所有查询条件都属于AAA表。

  那么接下来就是需要看眼这个SQL的explain和profiling了。为了简单一些,我们将left join去掉。

explain结果如下:

*************************** 1. row ***************************

           id: 1

  select_type: SIMPLE

        table: c

         type: index_merge

possible_keys: Index_public,Index_status,idx_delStatus

          key: Index_public,Index_status,idx_delStatus

      key_len: 4,4,4

          ref: NULL

         rows: 72362

        Extra: Using intersect(Index_public,Index_status,idx_delStatus); Using where; Using filesort

1 row in set (0.00 sec)
show profiling结果如下:

+----------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                                                                                                                        |

+----------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

|        1 | 4.10154300 | select * from `channel` c where c.publicStatus = 2 and c.status= 30 and c.delStatus = 0 order by c.finishTime desc limit 100 |

+----------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+



+--------------------------------+----------+

| Status                         | Duration |

+--------------------------------+----------+

| starting                       | 0.000026 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000003 |

| checking query cache for query | 0.000048 |

| checking permissions           | 0.000005 |

| Opening tables                 | 0.000021 |

| System lock                    | 0.000009 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000022 |

| init                           | 0.000038 |

| optimizing                     | 0.000003 |

| statistics                     | 0.000167 |

| preparing                      | 0.000072 |

| executing                      | 0.000004 |

| Sorting result | 4.096042 |

| Sending data                   | 0.000715 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000000 |

| Sending data                   | 0.004289 |

| end                            | 0.000007 |

| query end                      | 0.000005 |

| closing tables                 | 0.000008 |

| freeing items                  | 0.000009 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000002 |

| freeing items                  | 0.000009 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000002 |

| freeing items                  | 0.000002 |

| storing result in query cache  | 0.000003 |

| logging slow query             | 0.000002 |

| logging slow query             | 0.000026 |

| cleaning up                    | 0.000004 |

+--------------------------------+----------+

  从上面可以很明显的看出来,sort占了最长的时间,那么这条SQL重点就是要解决sort问题。

  解决sort问题就是解决order by问题,直观的看这条sql,第一反应就是需要添加一个4个字段的联合索引idx(publicstatus,status,delstatu,finishtime),通过试验结果可以接受,但是扫描行数依然不少,达到1w行以上。

*************************** 1. row ***************************

           id: 1

  select_type: SIMPLE

        table: c

         type: ref

possible_keys: idx_test

          key: idx_test

      key_len: 12

          ref: const,const,const

         rows: 13038

        Extra: Using where

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

  那么有没有其他的优化思路呢? 我们看眼第一次的explain的结果,其中比较明显的是index merge和useing intersect,这个代表什么呢?

  查询MySQL的官方文档,可以得知,这是查询解析器进行index merge的交叉算法优化。索引合并交叉算法同时对所有使用的索引进行扫描,并产生一个符合条件的行的交集。这个交集一般都比较大,而真正进行排序的字段的索引并没有使用到,所以需要单独进行排序,而一旦结果集过大,就会在磁盘上生成临时文件进行排序,就出现了useing filesort的情况了。

  以上可以参考:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/index-merge-optimization.html

  同时,扩展阅读一下,如果对于这种情况不打算使用index merge,可以在服务器上进行如下配置

set optimizer_switch=‘index_merge_intersection=off

  就可以将index merge的交叉优化算法关闭了。

  BTW:MySQL 5.6的 Index Codiction Pushdown对这个的优化会更好一些,有兴趣的同学可以自行去看。

  

  回到我们的主题,那么这个order by还有什么其他优化思路呢? 那么既然排序是最大的消耗,那么我们强制使用排序字段的索引会产生什么效果呢?

explain select * from `channel` c FORCE INDEX(index_finishtime) where c.publicStatus = 2 and c.status= 30 and c.delStatus = 0 order by c.finishTime desc limit 100\G;

*************************** 1. row ***************************

           id: 1

  select_type: SIMPLE

        table: c

         type: index

possible_keys: NULL

          key: index_finishTime

      key_len: 8

          ref: NULL

         rows: 100

        Extra: Using where



+----------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                                                                                                                                                      |

+----------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

|        1 | 0.00427200 | select * from `channel` c FORCE INDEX(index_finishtime) where c.publicStatus = 2 and c.status= 30 and c.delStatus = 0 order by c.finishTime desc limit 100 |

+----------+------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+



+--------------------------------+----------+

| Status                         | Duration |

+--------------------------------+----------+

| starting                       | 0.000021 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000005 |

| checking query cache for query | 0.000063 |

| checking permissions           | 0.000007 |

| Opening tables                 | 0.000018 |

| System lock                    | 0.000010 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000026 |

| init                           | 0.000043 |

| optimizing                     | 0.000015 |

| statistics                     | 0.000013 |

| preparing                      | 0.000020 |

| executing                      | 0.000003 |

| Sorting result | 0.000005 |

| Sending data                   | 0.001091 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000004 |

| Sending data                   | 0.000805 |

| end                            | 0.000007 |

| query end                      | 0.000006 |

| closing tables                 | 0.000009 |

| freeing items                  | 0.000012 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000002 |

| freeing items                  | 0.002067 |

| Waiting for query cache lock   | 0.000006 |

| freeing items                  | 0.000003 |

| storing result in query cache  | 0.000005 |

| logging slow query             | 0.000002 |

| cleaning up                    | 0.000004 |

+--------------------------------+----------+

  可以看到排序依然有,但是耗时已经下降到非常低了,扫描行数变为100行,总执行时间变为0.004秒,是原来4.101秒的0.09%,效率提高了近1000倍。

 

  结论:

  这次调整给我们提供了一个对order by的优化思路,不要相信mysql的查询解析器,我们可以只针对排序字段建立索引,而不用去管前面的where条件,有时候会收到意想不到的效果。

 

  还可以看@reples的同样的一片blog:

http://blog.csdn.net/zbszhangbosen/article/details/11490479 

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