Android Jetpack ViewModel

导语

Jetpack简介及其它组件文章
还在因为屏幕反转数据丢失而烦恼吗?那就使用ViewModel吧。

主要内容

  • ViewModel是什么
  • ViewModel的使用
  • ViewModel的原理
  • ViewModel生命周期绑定
  • Fragment之间共享ViewModel

具体内容

ViewModel是什么

以注重生命周期的方式管理界面相关的数据。

  • 数据持久化
  • 异步回调不会造成内存泄漏
  • 隔离Model层和View层
  • Fragment间共享数据
viewmodel-lifecycle

可以看到ViewModel在V层进行onDestroy的时候,才进行销毁。

ViewModel的使用

先进行ViewModel的创建:

class TestViewModel : ViewModel() {
    var testName:MutableLiveData = MutableLiveData()
    
    init {
        testName.value = "anriku"
    }
}

这个ViewModel类的创建得很简单,就是自定义一个SharedViewModel继承自ViewModel。这里ViewModel中包含一个LiveData对象。关于ViewModel更难一些内容将在后面进行介绍。

在Fragment中使用:

class SharedFragment: Fragment() {
    override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)

        val model = ViewModelProvider(this).get(TestViewModel::class.java)
        model.testName.value = "test"
    }
}

在ViewModel的使用中需要注意:ViewModel不能够持有View、Lifecycle、Acitivity引用,而且不能够包含任何包含前面内容的类。因为这样很有可能会造成内存泄漏。

如果需要使用到Context的话,可以使用AndroidViewModel,AndroidViewModel只是在ViewModel的基础上添加了Application。

ViewModel的原理

通过ViewModelProvider创建ViewModel

我们从ViewModel的创建开始入手,创建ViewModel对象,首先就需要先初始化一个ViewModelProvider对象。

public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStoreOwner owner) {
    this(owner.getViewModelStore(), owner instanceof HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory
            ? ((HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory) owner).getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory()
            : NewInstanceFactory.getInstance());
}

public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStoreOwner owner, @NonNull Factory factory) {
    this(owner.getViewModelStore(), factory);
}

可以看出,ViewModelProvider构造函数其实最终都是需要两个参数,一个是ViewModelStoreOwner对象,一个是Factory。而ViewModelStoreOwner其实就是用来获取一个ViewModelStore对象来保存ViewModel对象的。而Factory就是用来创建ViewModel对象的。

ViewModelStoreOwner接口
public interface ViewModelStoreOwner {
    /**
     * Returns owned {@link ViewModelStore}
     *
     * @return a {@code ViewModelStore}
     */
    @NonNull
    ViewModelStore getViewModelStore();
}

这个接口的主要实现的作用就是返回一个ViewModelStore对象。在Android中,Activity和Fragment都会实现该接口,并且实现getViewModelStore()方法。
比如Activity就是在FragmentActivity的父类ComponentActivity中实现了ViewModelStoreOwner接口。

public class ComponentActivity extends androidx.core.app.ComponentActivity implements
        LifecycleOwner,
        ViewModelStoreOwner,
        HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory,
        SavedStateRegistryOwner,
        OnBackPressedDispatcherOwner {
    ...
    @NonNull
    @Override
    public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
        if (getApplication() == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Your activity is not yet attached to the "
                    + "Application instance. You can't request ViewModel before onCreate call.");
        }
        if (mViewModelStore == null) {
            NonConfigurationInstances nc =
                    (NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
            if (nc != null) {
                // Restore the ViewModelStore from NonConfigurationInstances
                mViewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
            }
            if (mViewModelStore == null) {
                mViewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();
            }
        }
        return mViewModelStore;
    }
    ...
}
public class Fragment implements ComponentCallbacks, OnCreateContextMenuListener, LifecycleOwner,
        ViewModelStoreOwner, HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory, SavedStateRegistryOwner {
    ...
    @NonNull
    @Override
    public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
        if (mFragmentManager == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Can't access ViewModels from detached fragment");
        }
        return mFragmentManager.getViewModelStore(this);
    }
    ...
}

Fragment的ViewModelStore其实是由FragmentManager进行管理获取。

FragmentManager的getViewModelStore
@NonNull
ViewModelStore getViewModelStore(@NonNull Fragment f) {
    // 这里的mNonConfig是一个FragmentManagerViewModel对象
    return mNonConfig.getViewModelStore(f);
}

每个FragmentActivity都会有一个自己的FragmentManager对象,所以每个FragmentManagerViewModel对象,管理的是一个FragmentActivity中的所有的Fragment对应的ViewModel。具体看FragmentManagerViewModel的getViewModelStore方法。

@NonNull
ViewModelStore getViewModelStore(@NonNull Fragment f) {
    ViewModelStore viewModelStore = mViewModelStores.get(f.mWho);
    if (viewModelStore == null) {
        viewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();
        mViewModelStores.put(f.mWho, viewModelStore);
    }
    return viewModelStore;
}
ViewModelStore类
public class ViewModelStore {

    private final HashMap mMap = new HashMap<>();

    final void put(String key, ViewModel viewModel) {
        ViewModel oldViewModel = mMap.put(key, viewModel);
        if (oldViewModel != null) {
            oldViewModel.onCleared();
        }
    }

    final ViewModel get(String key) {
        return mMap.get(key);
    }

    Set keys() {
        return new HashSet<>(mMap.keySet());
    }

    /**
     *  Clears internal storage and notifies ViewModels that they are no longer used.
     */
    public final void clear() {
        for (ViewModel vm : mMap.values()) {
            vm.clear();
        }
        mMap.clear();
    }
}

ViewModelStore类对象,是每个Activity或者Fragment都有一个,目的是用于保存该页面的ViewModel对象,方便ViewModel的管理。

ViewModelProvider的get方法
@NonNull
@MainThread
public  T get(@NonNull Class modelClass) {
    String canonicalName = modelClass.getCanonicalName();
    if (canonicalName == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Local and anonymous classes can not be ViewModels");
    }
    return get(DEFAULT_KEY + ":" + canonicalName, modelClass);
}

@NonNull
@MainThread
public  T get(@NonNull String key, @NonNull Class modelClass) {
    ViewModel viewModel = mViewModelStore.get(key);

    if (modelClass.isInstance(viewModel)) {
        if (mFactory instanceof OnRequeryFactory) {
            ((OnRequeryFactory) mFactory).onRequery(viewModel);
        }
        return (T) viewModel;
    } else {
        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
        if (viewModel != null) {
            // TODO: log a warning.
        }
    }
    if (mFactory instanceof KeyedFactory) {
        viewModel = ((KeyedFactory) (mFactory)).create(key, modelClass);
    } else {
        viewModel = (mFactory).create(modelClass);
    }
    mViewModelStore.put(key, viewModel);
    return (T) viewModel;
}

从ViewModelProvider的get方法中,可以看出,get方法传入的是一个ViewModel.class的Class类型,然后通过这个类型,得到ViewModel的规范名称。将ViewModel对象缓存在ViewModelStore中的HashMap中。而ViewModel的创建,其实是通过ViewModelProvider.Factory来实现的。

ViewModelProviders类

ViewModelProviders的of方法,用于返回一个ViewModelProvider对象。

public static ViewModelProvider of(@NonNull FragmentActivity activity,
                                   @Nullable Factory factory) {
    if (factory == null) {
        factory = activity.getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory();
    }
    return new ViewModelProvider(activity.getViewModelStore(), factory);
}

从这里我们可以看到,如果传入的Activity或者Fragment有getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory方法实现,而factory为null的时候,则会通过getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory创建对应的Factory,而如果没有getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory的实现,那么就会调用NewInstanceFactory来创建对应的Factory,而NewInstanceFactory其实就是创建AndroidViewModelFactory对象。
最终ViewModel对象,其实就是通过AndroidViewModelFactory的create的方法实现来创建。一般就是通过Class.newInstance或者Class.getConstructor来创建对象。

而ViewModelProvider的第一个参数,其实最终传入的是ViewModelStore对象,这个对象内部是通过一个HashMap来保存ViewModel对象。
而新版的源码,ViewModelStore对象是通过Fragment和FragmentActivity对象的getViewModelStore方法来获取,而原先的HolderFragment的功能都移植到了Fragment中。

public class HolderFragment extends Fragment implements ViewModelStoreOwner {
    private static final String LOG_TAG = "ViewModelStores";

    // 这是什么?请看下面注释分析
    private static final HolderFragmentManager sHolderFragmentManager = new HolderFragmentManager();

    @RestrictTo(RestrictTo.Scope.LIBRARY_GROUP)
    public static final String HOLDER_TAG = "android.arch.lifecycle.state.StateProviderHolderFragment";

    // 这就是我们存放 ViewModel 的 ViewModelStore,就定义在 HolderFragment里
    private ViewModelStore mViewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();

    public HolderFragment() {
        // TODO: 为什么当 activity 由于屏幕旋转等被系统销毁时,
        // 这个 fragment 实例也不会被销毁?因为设置了 setRetainInstance(true)
        setRetainInstance(true);
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        // 当 Fragment 的 onCreate 方法执行,说明了 Fragment 已经成功添加到了 Activity,
        // sHolderFragmentManager 是 HolderFragmentManager类,它的 holderFragmentCreated()方法
        // 是将该 Fragment 从 mNotCommittedActivityHolders 或 mNotCommittedFragmentHolders 中移除
        // (HolderFragmentManager 的说明,请看下面的注释)
        sHolderFragmentManager.holderFragmentCreated(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {
        super.onSaveInstanceState(outState);
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        // 当一个设置了 setRetainInstance(true) 的 Fragment 的 onDestroy 方法被调用,
        // 证明它依附的 Activity 已经寿终正寝,所以调用 mViewModelStore.clear(),
        // 前面我们已经说了,这个 clear 方法会调用所有 ViewModel 对象的 onCleared 方法
        // 并且清空它们,我们可以在 ViewModel 的onCleared 方法做一些处理,以免起来不必要的
        // 内存泄漏等问题
        mViewModelStore.clear();
    }

    // 该方法用于给外部调用,返回 ViewModelStore
    @Override
    public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
        return mViewModelStore;
    }

    // 静态方法,没 ViewModelStores.of 方法中被调用
    // 作用:在 activity 中添加一个 HolderFragment 用于存储存放了ViewModel对象的ViewModelStore
    public static HolderFragment holderFragmentFor(FragmentActivity activity) {
        return sHolderFragmentManager.holderFragmentFor(activity);
    }

    // 静态方法,没 ViewModelStores.of 方法中被调用
    // 作用:在 fragment 中添加一个 HolderFragment 用于存储存放了ViewModel对象的ViewModelStore
    @RestrictTo(RestrictTo.Scope.LIBRARY_GROUP)
    public static HolderFragment holderFragmentFor(Fragment fragment) {
        return sHolderFragmentManager.holderFragmentFor(fragment);
    }

    // 上面的大部分操作都是基于HolderFragmentManager,我们来分析下这个类
    @SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
    static class HolderFragmentManager {

        // 存放还没被系统正式添加到 Activity 中的 HolderFragment
        private Map mNotCommittedActivityHolders = new HashMap<>();
        private Map mNotCommittedFragmentHolders = new HashMap<>();

        // 声明定义了一个能够感知 Activity 生命周期的 ActivityLifecycleCallbacks 
        private ActivityLifecycleCallbacks mActivityCallbacks =
                new EmptyActivityLifecycleCallbacks() {
                    @Override
                    public void onActivityDestroyed(Activity activity) {
                        // 当 Activity destroy 的时候,清除 mNotCommittedActivityHolders 中保存
                        // 的对应 HolderFragment。前面我们分析了 HolderFragment 的 onCreate 方法中
                        // 会请一次 mNotCommittedActivityHolders,为什么在这么还要多此一举呢?其实
                        // 并不是多此一举,因为 Fragment 有可能还没创建完,Activity 就夭折了,那这样子
                        // HodlerFragment 的 onCreate 就无法调用,所以在加多一层清理机制,确保能够
                        // 清除掉(不得不感叹,谷歌官方的严谨以及对源码的掌控理解能力)
                        HolderFragment fragment = mNotCommittedActivityHolders.remove(activity);
                        if (fragment != null) {
                            Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Failed to save a ViewModel for " + activity);
                        }
                    }
                };

        private boolean mActivityCallbacksIsAdded = false;

        private FragmentLifecycleCallbacks mParentDestroyedCallback =
                new FragmentLifecycleCallbacks() {
                    @Override
                    public void onFragmentDestroyed(FragmentManager fm, Fragment parentFragment) {
                        // 与 mActivityCallbacks 的分析同理
                        super.onFragmentDestroyed(fm, parentFragment);
                        HolderFragment fragment = mNotCommittedFragmentHolders.remove(
                                parentFragment);
                        if (fragment != null) {
                            Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Failed to save a ViewModel for " + parentFragment);
                        }
                    }
                };

        // HolderFragment 的 onCreate 生命周期被回调,就会调用这个方法,清除
        // mNotCommittedActivityHolders 或者 mNotCommittedFragmentHolders 中
        // 的引用的 HolderFragment
        void holderFragmentCreated(Fragment holderFragment) {
            Fragment parentFragment = holderFragment.getParentFragment();
            if (parentFragment != null) {
                mNotCommittedFragmentHolders.remove(parentFragment);
                parentFragment.getFragmentManager().unregisterFragmentLifecycleCallbacks(
                        mParentDestroyedCallback);
            } else {
                mNotCommittedActivityHolders.remove(holderFragment.getActivity());
            }
        }

        private static HolderFragment findHolderFragment(FragmentManager manager) {
            if (manager.isDestroyed()) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Can't access ViewModels from onDestroy");
            }

            Fragment fragmentByTag = manager.findFragmentByTag(HOLDER_TAG);
            if (fragmentByTag != null && !(fragmentByTag instanceof HolderFragment)) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected "
                        + "fragment instance was returned by HOLDER_TAG");
            }
            return (HolderFragment) fragmentByTag;
        }

        private static HolderFragment createHolderFragment(FragmentManager fragmentManager) {
            HolderFragment holder = new HolderFragment();
            fragmentManager.beginTransaction().add(holder, HOLDER_TAG).commitAllowingStateLoss();
            return holder;
        }

        HolderFragment holderFragmentFor(FragmentActivity activity) {
            FragmentManager fm = activity.getSupportFragmentManager();
            HolderFragment holder = findHolderFragment(fm);
            if (holder != null) {
                return holder;
            }
            holder = mNotCommittedActivityHolders.get(activity);
            if (holder != null) {
                return holder;
            }

            if (!mActivityCallbacksIsAdded) {
                mActivityCallbacksIsAdded = true;
                activity.getApplication().registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(mActivityCallbacks);
            }
            holder = createHolderFragment(fm);
            // 我们新添加 add 的 Fragment 并不会马上就执行添加完(也就是说,这个方法执行完成后,马上再
            // 调用一次,上面的 findHolderFragment 会返回 null。但是这没有关系,因为接下来我们还可
            // 从 mNotCommittedActivityHolders 获取到对应的实例),所以我们这里先把他放在
            // mNotCommittedActivityHolders 中。Not Committed 表示 fragment 的 commit 还没有完成
            mNotCommittedActivityHolders.put(activity, holder);
            return holder;
        }

        HolderFragment holderFragmentFor(Fragment parentFragment) {
            FragmentManager fm = parentFragment.getChildFragmentManager();
            HolderFragment holder = findHolderFragment(fm);
            if (holder != null) {
                return holder;
            }
            holder = mNotCommittedFragmentHolders.get(parentFragment);
            if (holder != null) {
                return holder;
            }

            parentFragment.getFragmentManager().registerFragmentLifecycleCallbacks(mParentDestroyedCallback, false);
            holder = createHolderFragment(fm);
            // 同上
            mNotCommittedFragmentHolders.put(parentFragment, holder);
            return holder;
        }
    }
}

HolderFragment通过设置setRetainInstance(true),使得自身能够不受到屏幕旋转等影响而存活,直到依附的Activity正常结束。
因为HolderFragment的生命周期,ViewModelStore对象保存在HolderFragment中,而ViewModel又存储在ViewModelStore中,这就是为什么我们说ViewModel类能够让数据在屏幕旋转等配置信息改变导致UI重建的情况下不被销毁。

根据Factory创建ViewModel

ViewModelProvider的get方法:

public  T get(@NonNull String key, @NonNull Class modelClass) {
    ViewModel viewModel = mViewModelStore.get(key);

    if (modelClass.isInstance(viewModel)) {
        if (mFactory instanceof OnRequeryFactory) {
            ((OnRequeryFactory) mFactory).onRequery(viewModel);
        }
        return (T) viewModel;
    } else {
        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
        if (viewModel != null) {
            // TODO: log a warning.
        }
    }
    if (mFactory instanceof KeyedFactory) {
        viewModel = ((KeyedFactory) (mFactory)).create(key, modelClass);
    } else {
        viewModel = (mFactory).create(modelClass);
    }
    mViewModelStore.put(key, viewModel);
    return (T) viewModel;
}

在ViewModel中,有两种Factory,Factory是的类型是由ViewModelProvider在初始化的时候创建的,所以是由ViewModelProvider决定Factory的类型。在ViewModelProvider中,有两种Factory,一种是默认的Factory,默认的Factory是通过在ComponentActivity或者Fragment中实现HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory接口,然后在getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory()方法中初始化一个SavedStateViewModelFactory对象;另一种Factory则是NewInstanceFactory,这种是通过NewInstanceFactory.getInstance()的单例方式获取。

然后通过SavedStateViewModelFactory创建ViewModel。
其实就是通过ViewModel的Class对象,然后通过反射创建ViewModel对象,然后保存到ViewModelStore中的Map集合中。
从ViewModelProvider的get方法可以看出,在ViewModelProvider的get方法中会根据Factory的类型,进行不同方法的调用。SavedStateViewModelFactory是实现了ViewModelProvider.KeyedFactory接口的,所以在创建ViewModel的时候,调用的是SavedStateViewModelFactory的create方法。

public  T create(@NonNull String key, @NonNull Class modelClass) {
    // 方法参数中的modelClass就是我们要创建的目标ViewModel的Class对象
    // 首先判断该ViewModel是否是AndroidViewModel类型
    boolean isAndroidViewModel = AndroidViewModel.class.isAssignableFrom(modelClass);
    Constructor constructor;
    // 如果是AndroidViewModel类型的,则在初始化的时候需要加入Application对象
    if (isAndroidViewModel) {
        constructor = findMatchingConstructor(modelClass, ANDROID_VIEWMODEL_SIGNATURE);
    } else {
        constructor = findMatchingConstructor(modelClass, VIEWMODEL_SIGNATURE);
    }
    // doesn't need SavedStateHandle
    if (constructor == null) {
        return mFactory.create(modelClass);
    }
    SavedStateHandleController controller = SavedStateHandleController.create(
            mSavedStateRegistry, mLifecycle, key, mDefaultArgs);
    try {
        T viewmodel;
        if (isAndroidViewModel) {
            viewmodel = constructor.newInstance(mApplication, controller.getHandle());
        } else {
            viewmodel = constructor.newInstance(controller.getHandle());
        }
        viewmodel.setTagIfAbsent(TAG_SAVED_STATE_HANDLE_CONTROLLER, controller);
        return viewmodel;
    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to access " + modelClass, e);
    } catch (InstantiationException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("A " + modelClass + " cannot be instantiated.", e);
    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("An exception happened in constructor of "
                + modelClass, e.getCause());
    }
}

AndroidViewModel和ViewModel的构造器参数Class。

private static final Class[] ANDROID_VIEWMODEL_SIGNATURE = new Class[]{Application.class,
            SavedStateHandle.class};
private static final Class[] VIEWMODEL_SIGNATURE = new Class[]{SavedStateHandle.class};
ViewModel保存和恢复数据

ComponentActivity和Fragment都将数据的保存和恢复逻辑转发给了SavedStateRegistryController。在在onCreate方法里通过调用performRestore来恢复数据,在onSaveInstanceState方法里通过调用performSave来保存数据。而SavedStateRegistryController中的SavedStateRegistry对象,就是实际进行数据的保存和恢复的,在SavedStateRegistry通过唯一的key获取到一个SavedStateProvider,而SavedStateProvider其实就是返回需要保存的数据,将对应的需要缓存的数据一一返回,然后保存在系统缓存时的回调到onSaveInstanceState的方法参数Bundle中进行保存。
SavedStateRegistry.performSave()
该方法是由ComponentActivity的onSaveInstanceState方法触发调用SavedStateRegistryController的performSave,进而调用的。

@MainThread
void performSave(@NonNull Bundle outBundle) {
    // 从SavedStateProvider中取出要保存的数据
    Bundle components = new Bundle();
    if (mRestoredState != null) {
        components.putAll(mRestoredState);
    }
    for (Iterator> it =
         mComponents.iteratorWithAdditions(); it.hasNext(); ) {
        Map.Entry entry1 = it.next();
        components.putBundle(entry1.getKey(), entry1.getValue().saveState());
    }
    // outBundle其实就是Activity要保存的数据
    outBundle.putBundle(SAVED_COMPONENTS_KEY, components);
}

在SavedStateRegistry恢复数据的时候,会把恢复后的数据都交给SavedStateHandle。希望保留的数据,可以通过两种方式向mRegular保存数据。

  1. 通过调用 set(@NonNull String key, @Nullable T value) 方法来实现,该方法就类似于 Map.put(Key,Value) 的方式来存值,但是这种方式并不具备数据变化通知
  2. 通过 MutableLiveData.setValue的方式来存值。首先通过 getLiveData(@NonNull String key) 方法拿到和特定 Key 绑定的 LiveData 对象,之后向该 LiveData.setValue 时都会同时更新 mRegular

在ComponentActivity恢复数据的时候,会通过SavedStateRegistryController.performSave在Activity的onSaveInstanceState方法中进行数据的保存,然后在ComponentActivity的onCreate方法中,通过调用SavedStateRegistryController.performRestore方法进行数据的恢复,这些恢复的数据都会保存在SavedStateHandleController对象中的SavedStateHandle属性中,然后在Activity重新创建的时候,会通过反射创建对应的ViewModel对象的时候,将SavedStateHandleController中的SavedStateHandle赋值给对应的ViewModel进行数据恢复。

这块源码可参考:从源码看 Jetpack(7)-SavedStateHandle源码详解

NewInstanceFactory创建ViewModel
@NonNull
@Override
public  T create(@NonNull Class modelClass) {
    //noinspection TryWithIdenticalCatches
    try {
        return modelClass.newInstance();
    } catch (InstantiationException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create an instance of " + modelClass, e);
    }
}

这里其实就是直接使用Class的newInstance直接创建对象。Activity和Fragment一般都是使用SavedStateViewModelFactory创建ViewModel对象。

ViewModel的销毁

ViewModel的销毁,要分为Activity和Fragment两部分。
首先看下ViewModel在销毁的时候做的事情。

protected void onCleared() {
}

@MainThread
final void clear() {
    mCleared = true;
    // Since clear() is final, this method is still called on mock objects
    // and in those cases, mBagOfTags is null. It'll always be empty though
    // because setTagIfAbsent and getTag are not final so we can skip
    // clearing it
    if (mBagOfTags != null) {
        synchronized (mBagOfTags) {
            for (Object value : mBagOfTags.values()) {
                // see comment for the similar call in setTagIfAbsent
                closeWithRuntimeException(value);
            }
        }
    }
    onCleared();
}

而ViewModel的clear()方法的调用,是在ViewModelStore中。

public final void clear() {
    for (ViewModel vm : mMap.values()) {
        vm.clear();
    }
    mMap.clear();
}
Activity中的销毁

Activity的销毁,是通过Lifecycle监听生命周期回调,当生命周期执行到onDestroy的时候,调用ViewModelStore的clear()方法进行ViewModel的销毁。
看ComponentActivity中构造器中的实现:

getLifecycle().addObserver(new LifecycleEventObserver() {
    @Override
    public void onStateChanged(@NonNull LifecycleOwner source,
            @NonNull Lifecycle.Event event) {
        if (event == Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY) {
            // 这里是判断是否是系统配置发生变化,比如手机屏幕旋转
            // 这里的配置是在Activity的onStop()方法中进行修改的
            if (!isChangingConfigurations()) {
                getViewModelStore().clear();
            }
        }
    }
});
protected void onStop() {
    if (DEBUG_LIFECYCLE) Slog.v(TAG, "onStop " + this);
    if (mActionBar != null) mActionBar.setShowHideAnimationEnabled(false);
    mActivityTransitionState.onStop();
    dispatchActivityStopped();
    mTranslucentCallback = null;
    mCalled = true;

    if (mAutoFillResetNeeded) {
        // If stopped without changing the configurations, the response should expire.
        getAutofillManager().onInvisibleForAutofill(!mChangingConfigurations);
    } else if (mIntent != null
            && mIntent.hasExtra(AutofillManager.EXTRA_RESTORE_SESSION_TOKEN)
            && mIntent.hasExtra(AutofillManager.EXTRA_RESTORE_CROSS_ACTIVITY)) {
        restoreAutofillSaveUi();
    }
    mEnterAnimationComplete = false;
}
Fragment中的销毁

Fragment的生命周期管理,如下:

static final int INITIALIZING = -1;    // Not yet attached.
static final int ATTACHED = 0;         // Attached to the host.
static final int CREATED = 1;          // Created.
static final int ACTIVITY_CREATED = 2; // Fully created, not started.
static final int STARTED = 3;          // Created and started, not resumed.
static final int RESUMED = 4;          // Created started and resumed.

Fragment的生命周期,首先会依次增大,然后在从onResume变成onPause的时候,就开始状态码减小。即先升再降的一个状态变化。在当前状态码变成CREATED的时候,就会执行onDestroy。即调用:

fragmentStateManager.destroy(mHost, mNonConfig);

FragmentStateManager.destroy:

void destroy(@NonNull FragmentHostCallback host,
             @NonNull FragmentManagerViewModel nonConfig) {
    if (FragmentManager.isLoggingEnabled(Log.DEBUG)) {
        Log.d(TAG, "movefrom CREATED: " + mFragment);
    }
    boolean beingRemoved = mFragment.mRemoving && !mFragment.isInBackStack();
    boolean shouldDestroy = beingRemoved || nonConfig.shouldDestroy(mFragment);
    if (shouldDestroy) {
        boolean shouldClear;
        if (host instanceof ViewModelStoreOwner) {
            shouldClear = nonConfig.isCleared();
        } else if (host.getContext() instanceof Activity) {
            Activity activity = (Activity) host.getContext();
            shouldClear = !activity.isChangingConfigurations();
        } else {
            shouldClear = true;
        }
        if (beingRemoved || shouldClear) {
            nonConfig.clearNonConfigState(mFragment);
        }
        mFragment.performDestroy();
        mDispatcher.dispatchOnFragmentDestroyed(mFragment, false);
    } else {
        mFragment.mState = Fragment.ATTACHED;
    }
}

在这里就会调用nonConfig.clearNonConfigState方法,nonConfig其实就是FragmentManagerViewModel对象。

FragmentManagerViewModel.clearNonConfigState:

void clearNonConfigState(@NonNull Fragment f) {
    if (FragmentManager.isLoggingEnabled(Log.DEBUG)) {
        Log.d(TAG, "Clearing non-config state for " + f);
    }
    // Clear and remove the Fragment's child non config state
    FragmentManagerViewModel childNonConfig = mChildNonConfigs.get(f.mWho);
    if (childNonConfig != null) {
        childNonConfig.onCleared();
        mChildNonConfigs.remove(f.mWho);
    }
    // Clear and remove the Fragment's ViewModelStore
    ViewModelStore viewModelStore = mViewModelStores.get(f.mWho);
    if (viewModelStore != null) {
        viewModelStore.clear();
        mViewModelStores.remove(f.mWho);
    }
}

ViewModel生命周期绑定

按照上面的逻辑,在Activity重建时会执行destory生命周期事件,那么为什么ViewModel没有销毁呢?
其实就是在屏幕旋转的时候,AMS通过Binder回调Activity的retainNonConfigurationInstances()方法,这个时候就会进行数据的保存,保存到一个NonConfigurationInstances对象;而在屏幕翻转结束之后,会再一次调用ViewModelProvider的构造函数,此时就会调用owner.getViewModelStore(),接着就会调用getLastNonConfigurationInstance(),这里就会通过Activity中的NonConfigurationInstances对象取出保存的ViewModelStore对象。
所以数据保存就是通过retainNonConfigurationInstances()方法保存在NonConfigurationInstances对象,而再一次使用取出ViewModel的数据的时候,就是从nc对象中取出ViewModelStore对象,而ViewModelStore对象保存有ViewModel集合
通过对ComponentActivity的getViewModelStore()方法进行分析。可以找到这个问题的答案。

public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
    if (getApplication() == null) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Your activity is not yet attached to the "
                + "Application instance. You can't request ViewModel before onCreate call.");
    }
    if (mViewModelStore == null) {
        NonConfigurationInstances nc =
                (NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
        if (nc != null) {
            // Restore the ViewModelStore from NonConfigurationInstances
            mViewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
        }
        if (mViewModelStore == null) {
            mViewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();
        }
    }
    return mViewModelStore;
}

当mViewModelStore为null的时候,会从NonConfigurationInstances中获取ViewModelStore对象。
其实在ComponentActivity和Activity中都会有一个NonConfigurationInstances类,而Activity中的NonConfigurationInstances类结构如下:

static final class NonConfigurationInstances {
    Object activity;
    HashMap children;
    FragmentManagerNonConfig fragments;
    ArrayMap loaders;
    VoiceInteractor voiceInteractor;
}

这里的Object activity其实就是保存的ComponentActivity中的NonConfigurationInstances类对象,看Activity的下面的方法:

// TODO: retainNonConfigurationInstances()方法,其实是在AMS通过Binder跨进程调用的
// 这是在ActivityThread的performDestroyActivity方法调用
// 而在handleDestroyActivity的时候调用performDestroyActivity
// 而handleRelaunchActivityInner会调用handleDestroyActivity,getNonConfigInstance会传入true
// handleRelaunchActivityInner是在Activity重新启用的时候被调用
// 其实就是旋转的时候,Activity就会被重启,这样就会最终触发retainNonConfigurationInstances()
NonConfigurationInstances retainNonConfigurationInstances() {
    Object activity = onRetainNonConfigurationInstance();
    HashMap children = onRetainNonConfigurationChildInstances();
    FragmentManagerNonConfig fragments = mFragments.retainNestedNonConfig();

    // We're already stopped but we've been asked to retain.
    // Our fragments are taken care of but we need to mark the loaders for retention.
    // In order to do this correctly we need to restart the loaders first before
    // handing them off to the next activity.
    mFragments.doLoaderStart();
    mFragments.doLoaderStop(true);
    ArrayMap loaders = mFragments.retainLoaderNonConfig();

    if (activity == null && children == null && fragments == null && loaders == null
            && mVoiceInteractor == null) {
        return null;
    }

    NonConfigurationInstances nci = new NonConfigurationInstances();
    nci.activity = activity;
    nci.children = children;
    nci.fragments = fragments;
    nci.loaders = loaders;
    if (mVoiceInteractor != null) {
        mVoiceInteractor.retainInstance();
        nci.voiceInteractor = mVoiceInteractor;
    }
    return nci;
}

Activity这个Object对象,其实是通过onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()方法返回值赋值,而onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()方法的实现是在ComponentActivity中。
看ComponentActivity中的下面方法:

public final Object onRetainNonConfigurationInstance() {
    Object custom = onRetainCustomNonConfigurationInstance();

    ViewModelStore viewModelStore = mViewModelStore;
    if (viewModelStore == null) {
        // No one called getViewModelStore(), so see if there was an existing
        // ViewModelStore from our last NonConfigurationInstance
        NonConfigurationInstances nc =
                (NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
        if (nc != null) {
            viewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
        }
    }

    if (viewModelStore == null && custom == null) {
        return null;
    }

    NonConfigurationInstances nci = new NonConfigurationInstances();
    nci.custom = custom;
    nci.viewModelStore = viewModelStore;
    return nci;
}

因为这里会在ComponentActivity中的NonConfigurationInstances类对象中保存ViewModelStore对象,所以这也是Activity重建时不会销毁ViewModel的原因。

Activity的onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()的调用:
onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()方法除了被Activity的retainNonConfigurationInstances()调用以外,还会被LocalActivityManager的dispatchRetainNonConfigurationInstance()方法调用。

//在每个子活动上调用onRetainNonConfigurationInstance并将结果按ID存储在HashMap中。 
//仅当存在要存储的非null对象时,才构造HashMap。 
//请注意,这不支持嵌套的ActivityGroup。
public HashMap dispatchRetainNonConfigurationInstance() {
    HashMap instanceMap = null;

    final int N = mActivityArray.size();
    for (int i=0; i();
                }
                instanceMap.put(r.id, instance);
            }
        }
    }
    return instanceMap;
}

Fragment之间共享ViewModel

在分析ViewModel的销毁过程时,我们看到Activity与Fragment存储VieModel是分离的,那么同一个Activity下的Fragment是如何共享ViewModel的呢?
其实共享的是Activity的ViewModel。

而具体的实现逻辑,其实就是在FragmentViewModelLazy.kt中的:

@MainThread
inline fun  Fragment.activityViewModels(
    noinline factoryProducer: (() -> Factory)? = null
) = createViewModelLazy(VM::class, { requireActivity().viewModelStore },
    factoryProducer ?: { requireActivity().defaultViewModelProviderFactory })

在Fragment中可以直接调用,这是一个Fragment的扩展函数,通过实现requireActivity().viewModelStore,获取到了Activity的ViewModelStore对象后,这样就可以实现了Fragment共用Activity的ViewModel,从而实现了Fragment之间共享ViewModel。
Fragment之间共享ViewModel,需要引入:

implementation "androidx.fragment:fragment-ktx:1.2.5"

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