dynamic_cast运行阶段类型识别

一、dynamic_cast运算符介绍

(1)运行阶段类型识别(RTTI, Runtime Type Identification)为程序在阶段确定对象的类型,只适用于包含虚函数的类。
(2)基类指针可以指向派生类对象,想要调用派生类对象的非虚函数需要使用dynamic_cast运算符,dynamic_cast运算符用指向基类的指针来生成派生类指针;
(3)语法:

派生类指针 = dynamic_cast<派生类类型*>(基类指针);

(4)如果转换不成功,dynamic_cast返回nullptr。

注意:
(1)dynamic_cast可以将派生类指针转化为基类指针,这种做法没有任何意义;
(2)dynamic_cast可以用于引用,但是没有空指针对应引用值,如果转换请求不正确,会出现bad_cast异常;
(3)dynamic_cast只适用于包含虚函数的类。

二、例子

1、多态的例子

以下是一个正常的多态案例:

#include 
using namespace std;

class Hero
{
public:
    Hero() {
        cout << "基类默认构造函数Hero()" << endl;
    }
    virtual ~Hero() {
        cout << "基类析构函数~Hero" << endl;
    }
public:
    virtual void skill1() { cout << "英雄释放1技能" << endl; }
    virtual void skill2() { cout << "英雄释放2技能" << endl; }
    virtual void skill3() { cout << "英雄释放大招" << endl; }
};

class LLW: public Hero
{
public:
    LLW() {
        cout << "派生类默认构造函数LLW()" << endl;
    }
    ~LLW(){
        cout << "派生类析构函数~LLW()" << endl;
    }
public:
    void skill1() { cout << "兰陵王释放1技能" << endl; }
    void skill2() { cout << "兰陵王释放2技能" << endl; }
    void skill3() { cout << "兰陵王释放大招" << endl; }
};

class DW : public Hero
{
public:
    DW() {
        cout << "派生类默认构造函数DW()" << endl;
    }
    ~DW() {
        cout << "派生类析构函数~DW()" << endl;
    }
public:
    void skill1() { cout << "典韦释放1技能" << endl; }
    void skill2() { cout << "典韦释放2技能" << endl; }
    void skill3() { cout << "典韦释放大招" << endl; }
};

class HY : public Hero
{
public:
    HY() {
        cout << "派生类默认构造函数HY()" << endl;
    }
    ~HY() {
        cout << "派生类析构函数~HY()" << endl;
    }
public:
    void skill1() { cout << "后裔释放1技能" << endl; }
    void skill2() { cout << "后裔释放2技能" << endl; }
    void skill3() { cout << "后裔释放大招" << endl; }
};

int main()
{
    int id;
    cout << "请输入英雄(1-兰陵王 2-典韦 3-后裔):";
    cin >> id;

    Hero* hero = nullptr;
    switch (id)
    {
    case 1:
        hero = new LLW; break;
    case 2:
        hero = new DW; break;
    case 3:
        hero = new HY; break;
    default:
        break;
    }

    if (hero != nullptr) {
        hero->skill1();
        hero->skill2();
        hero->skill3();
    }
    
    delete hero;
    hero = nullptr;
}

2、强转基类指针

如果想要调用派生类的非重写函数,必须转化基类指针为派生类指针:

#include 
using namespace std;

class Hero
{
public:
    Hero() {
        cout << "基类默认构造函数Hero()" << endl;
    }
    virtual ~Hero() {
        cout << "基类析构函数~Hero" << endl;
    }
public:
    virtual void skill1() { cout << "英雄释放1技能" << endl; }
    virtual void skill2() { cout << "英雄释放2技能" << endl; }
    virtual void skill3() { cout << "英雄释放大招" << endl; }
};

class LLW : public Hero
{
public:
    LLW() {
        cout << "派生类默认构造函数LLW()" << endl;
    }
    ~LLW() {
        cout << "派生类析构函数~LLW()" << endl;
    }
public:
    void skill1() { cout << "兰陵王释放1技能" << endl; }
    void skill2() { cout << "兰陵王释放2技能" << endl; }
    void skill3() { cout << "兰陵王释放大招" << endl; }
};

class DW : public Hero
{
public:
    DW() {
        cout << "派生类默认构造函数DW()" << endl;
    }
    ~DW() {
        cout << "派生类析构函数~DW()" << endl;
    }
public:
    void skill1() { cout << "典韦释放1技能" << endl; }
    void skill2() { cout << "典韦释放2技能" << endl; }
    void skill3() { cout << "典韦释放大招" << endl; }

public:
    void show() {
        cout << "典韦SHOW." << endl;
    }
};

class HY : public Hero
{
public:
    HY() {
        cout << "派生类默认构造函数HY()" << endl;
    }
    ~HY() {
        cout << "派生类析构函数~HY()" << endl;
    }
public:
    void skill1() { cout << "后裔释放1技能" << endl; }
    void skill2() { cout << "后裔释放2技能" << endl; }
    void skill3() { cout << "后裔释放大招" << endl; }
};

int main()
{
    int id;
    cout << "请输入英雄(1-兰陵王 2-典韦 3-后裔):";
    cin >> id;

    Hero* hero = nullptr;
    switch (id)
    {
    case 1:
        hero = new LLW; break;
    case 2:
        hero = new DW; break;
    case 3:
        hero = new HY; break;
    default:
        break;
    }

    if (hero != nullptr) {
        hero->skill1();
        hero->skill2();
        hero->skill3();

        if (id == 2) {
            DW* dw = (DW*)hero;
            dw->show();
        }
    }

    delete hero;
    hero = nullptr;
}

以下代码,当为典韦时,新建一个典韦指针,指向强转类型才能调用DW类的非重写函数

if (id == 2) {
	DW* dw = (DW*)hero;
    dw->show();
}

3、dynamic_cast操作符的使用

DW* dw = dynamic_cast<DW*>(hero);
if (dw != nullptr) {
	dw->show();
}

当指针不为nullptr的时候,则代表转换成功。

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