试译《今日简史》9

The Mozart in the machine

At least in the short term, AI and robotics are unlikely to completely eliminate entire industries. Jobs that require specialisation in a narrow range of routinised activities will be automated. But it will be much more difficult to replace humans with machines in less routine jobs that demand the simultaneous use of a wide range of skills, and that involve dealing with unforeseen scenarios. Take healthcare, for example. Many doctors focus almost exclusively on processing information: they absorb medical data, analyse it, and produce a diagnosis. Nurses, in contrast, also need good motor and emotional skills in order to give a painful injection, replace a bandage, or restrain a violent patient. Hence we will probably have an AI family doctor on our smartphone decades before we have are liable nurse robot. The human care industry – which takes care of the sick,the young and the elderly – is likely to remain a human bastion for a longtime. Indeed, as people live longer and have fewer children, care of the elderly will probably be one of the fastest-growing sectors in the human labour market.

机器中的莫扎特

至少从短期来看,人工智能和机器不大可能完全取代整个行业。那些需要少数程式化活动专长的工作将会被自动化所取代。但是,在不太程式化的工作中,在要求同时运用各种技能、应对不可预知场景的工作中,机器取代人类的难度将会大得多。很多医生的工作几乎完全是在处理信息:收集医疗数据、进行分析、得出诊断报告。而护士则不同,他们还需要具备运动和情感技能,这样才能给病人注射、换绷带或者抚慰暴躁的病人。因此,我们的智能手机上出现人工智能家族医生后,可能还要等上几十年才会出现可靠的机器人护士。护理业主要是照顾病人、儿童和老年人,在接下来很长一段时间里,该行业可能仍然是人类的领地。当然,随着人们越来越长寿,子女越来越少,养老业可能成为人类劳动力市场增速最快的行业之一。

机器里的莫扎特

至少在短期内,人工智能和机器人还不太可能完全取代整个产业。有些工作专精在小范围,日复一日做的都是程序化的动作,这种工作就会被自动化取代。然而,如果是每天都有变化、需要同时运用广泛技能组合的工作,或者需要应对难以预见情况的工作,就不太容易用机器来取代人类。以医疗保健为例。很多医生的主要工作是处理信息:汇总并分析医疗数据,然后做出诊断。相比之下,护士需要有良好的运动和情绪技能,才能帮助患者打针、换绷带,或者安抚激动的患者。因此,我们的智能手机上出现人工智能家庭医生的时间,很有可能会远远早于我们拥有可靠的护理型机器人。人文关怀产业(也就是照顾老幼病残)大概在很长一段时间内仍然会是人类的工作。事实上,随着人类寿命延长和少子化,养老产业很可能成为人类劳动力市场成长最快的行业类别。【林俊宏】

Alongside care, creativity too poses particularly difficult hurdles for automation. We don’t need humans to sell us music any more – we can download it directly from the iTunes store – but the composers, musicians, singers and DJs are still flesh and blood. We rely on their creativity not just to produce completely new music, but also to choose among a mind-boggling range of available possibilities.

除了护理行业,创意产业也很难被自动化所取代。我们不再需要人类向我们销售音乐(我们可以直接从iTunes上下载音乐),但是作曲家、音乐家、歌手和唱片节目主持人仍然是血肉之躯的人类。创作全新的音乐,从无数音乐中进行选择合适的音乐,都需要依赖他们的创意。

除了养老产业,创意产业也是自动化特别难以突破的领域。现在,我们可以直接从iTunes(苹果数字媒体播放应用程序)下载音乐,而不需要由真人店员来销售,但作曲家、音乐家、歌手和音乐节目主持人都还是活生生的人。我们需要这些人的创意,除了是要制作全新的音乐,也是为了在多到让人头昏脑涨的诸多选项当中进行选择。【林俊宏】

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