Java通信之URL通信基础

java对网络通信以及提供了比较全面的jdk支持,java.net包能让程序员直接在程序中实现网络通信。

在技术日新月异的现在,我们能通过很多方式实现数据通信,比如webservice、url通信、socket通信等等,今天简单介绍下URL通信。

学习准备:建议首先学习java的IO基础知识

 

URL是统一资源定位器的简写,URL可以访问Internet和www,可以通过url访问网络资源或文件。

java提供了java.net.URL类来封装URL,大家可以在jdk api中看该类的详细介绍。

下面写一个最简单的URL创建和使用方式:

		URL url = new URL("http://www.baidu.com/");
		System.out.println("授权部分:"+url.getAuthority());
		System.out.println("网页内容:"+url.getContent());
		System.out.println("默认端口:"+url.getDefaultPort());
		System.out.println("文件名:"+url.getFile());
		System.out.println("主机名:"+url.getHost());
		System.out.println("路径名:"+url.getPath());
		System.out.println("端口号:"+url.getPort());
		System.out.println("协议名:"+url.getProtocol());
		System.out.println("查询部分:"+url.getQuery());
		System.out.println("锚点:"+url.getRef());
		System.out.println("userInfo:"+url.getUserInfo());
		
		String charSet = "gb2312";
		System.out.println("--------------getContent获取网页内容-------------------");
		//获取并打印url页面的html源文件
		InputStream in = (InputStream) url.getContent();
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in,charSet));
		String s = br.readLine() ;
		while(s!=null){
			System.out.println(s);
			s = br.readLine();
		}
		br.close(); 
		in.close(); 

 

 

有了URL还不够,它只能获得URL本身的基本信息,如果要实现通信,需要使用URLConnection(如果是http通信,可以使用它的子类HttpURLConnection)。通过url的openConnection方法可以打开连接。

URLConnection urlConn = new URL(url).openConnection();
HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection)new URL(url).openConnection();

 

 

HttpURLConnection有两种请求方式:POST和GET,跟平常J2EE项目一样。可以通过设置setRequestMethod来配置请求方式:

httpConn.setRequestMethod("POST");
httpConn.setRequestMethod("GET");

 注意请求方式字符串需要大写,如果请求方式有误,会抛出ProtocolException异常

 

 

POST和GET发送请求方式有所不同:POST向指定服务器发送的信息是被封装在http内部,而GET发送请求是通过http地址后拼接参数信息(http://www.xx.xx?xx=xx&xxx=xx)实现的。POST向服务器发送信息的时候是把请求信息以IO“流”的形式发送,而GET方式无法通过“流”形式传输。

 

下面代码通过GET方式发送请求:

String urlString = "http://localhost:8080/TestConn/Conn";
//传递一条参数
urlString += "?id=1";
URL url = new URL(urlString);
HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection()
httpConn.setRequestMethod("GET");
//调用connect方法执行通信
httpConn.connect();

 

下面代码通过POST方式发送请求:

String urlString = "http://localhost:8080/TestConn/Conn";
URL url = new URL(urlString);
HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection()
httpConn.setRequestMethod("POST");
//设置是否向httpUrlConnection输出,如果是POST请求,则需要设为true, 默认情况下是false; 
httpConn.setDoInput(true);
//设置是否从httpUrlConnection读入,默认情况下是true;
httpConn.setDoOutput(true);
//Post请求不能使用缓存
httpConn.setUseCaches(true);
//设定传送的内容类型是可序列化的java对象
httpConn.setRequestProperty("Content-type", "application/x-java-serialized-object");
//创建输出流发送请求数据
BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(httpConn.getOutputStream()));
bw.write(new String("我勒个去..."));
bw.flush();
bw.close();

 

注意:一旦使用了httpConn.getOutputStream().write()方法,httpConn.setRequestMethod("GET");将失效,其请求方法会自动转为POST

 

 

服务器处理GET请求的时候通过request.getParameter方式获取请求参数,POST请求通过request.getInputStream流的形式获取。

/**
	 * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
	 */
	protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
		String s = request.getParameter("id");
		
		response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
		response.getWriter().print(s);
		response.getWriter().close();
	}

	/**
	 * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
	 */
	protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
		//获取IO数据
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(request.getInputStream()));
		
		StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
		String s;
		while((s = br.readLine())!=null){
			sb.append(s);
			sb.append("\n");
		}
		
		response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
		response.getWriter().print(sb.toString());
		response.getWriter().close();
	}

 

 

获取服务器响应数据的时候可以通过IO的输入流取得:

public static String getInput(HttpURLConnection http) throws IOException{
		//获取指定URL返回的IO数据
		InputStream in = http.getInputStream();
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
		
		StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
		String s;
		while((s = br.readLine())!=null){
			sb.append(s);
			sb.append("\n");
		}
		br.close();
		in.close();
		
		return sb.toString();
	}

 

 

 

 

下面用一个完整代码总结下URL通信的方法:

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		//①创建URL对象(如果是GET请求,则url后要拼接请求参数)
		String urlString = "http://localhost:8080/TestConn/Conn";
		URL url = new URL(urlString);
		//②创建HttpUrlConnection对象
		HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
		//③配置httpConn的属性
		httpConn.setRequestMethod("POST");
		httpConn.setDoInput(true);
		httpConn.setDoOutput(true);
		httpConn.setUseCaches(true);
		httpConn.setRequestProperty("Content-type", "application/x-java-serialized-object");
		//④发送请求信息(为什么使用字符缓冲流,这纯属个人爱好)
		BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(httpConn.getOutputStream()));
		bw.write("Hello URL...\n");
		bw.write("你好 ItEye...");
		bw.flush();
		bw.close();
		//⑤获取响应信息
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(httpConn.getInputStream()));
		String response = null;
		while((response = br.readLine())!=null){
			System.out.println(response);
		}
		br.close();
		//⑥通信结束....
	}

 注意:http://localhost:8080/TestConn/Conn请求的是一个servlet,代码写在本文中间偏下位置。

 

URL通信技术入门很简单,一天时间足矣。

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