Listening 1: Depression & Treatment 1
Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems. He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments. Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications. These medications affect the brain in many different ways.
Jack是位精神科医生，这意味着他治疗那些有心理疾病的人。他用多样的治疗方法治疗病人已经很多年了。有时候他只是倾听和与病人聊天，有时他也用一些药物。这些药物从多种方式影响大脑。
Over the years, Jack found that some patients improved with treatment while others didn't improve at all. In some cases, a patient's response to a treatment was the opposite of what was expected. Several years ago, he had a young patient who showed him why these treatments didn't work. The patient's name was Bob. He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help. The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.
通过这些年，Jack发现一些病人在治疗后有所改善，而其他人毫无变化。甚至在一些情况下，病人对于治疗手段的反应与所期待的恰好相反。几年前，他的一个年轻病人让他明白为什么有时治疗会不起作用。这个病人叫Bob，当他第一次向Jack寻求帮助时二十岁。他来这的原因是他有自杀倾向。
Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world. However, he was often extremely depressed. Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol. It was an overdose of drugs and alcohol thatnearly killed him. His roommate called 911 when he discovered Bob unconscious in their dormitory room.
鲍勃非常聪明，是世界上最好的大学之一的学生。然而，他常常非常沮丧。因为抑郁，他吸毒，酗酒。是过量的毒品和酒精差点害死了他。当他的室友发现鲍勃在宿舍失去意识时，他打了911（这才救回了他）。
Once Bob recovered and was discharged from the hospital, he took time off from school to get help. That was when he came to the clinic where Jack practices medicine. At first, Jack attempted to treat Bob with antidepressant medications. He also used conversation and recommendations to help him rethink his life and memories. After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately. Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively. He also continued to go through periods of depression. As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.
鲍勃一康复出院，就请假去寻求帮助。那就是他来到Jack行医的诊所的时候。起初，Jack试图用抗抑郁药治疗鲍勃。他还利用谈话和建议帮助他重新思考自己的生活和记忆。几个月后，鲍勃开始好转，但只是勉强好转。尽管他配合了治疗，但他仍然消极地思考。他也继续经历抑郁时期。结果，他没能回到学校。
Listening2 : Depression & Treatment 2
Because the treatment wasn't working, Jack tried something new. He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob's brain. Brain scans are a way to look inside the brain to see how it is functioning. What the scans showed about Bob was crucial. They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated. There was significant damage to the front part of his brain. An injury in this part of the braincan contribute to depression and negative feeling. It can also contribute to feelings of anger and rage. The fact that his brain was injured unbalanced explained why the treatments hadn't worked.
因为治疗方法无效，Jack尝试了新的治疗方法。他决定用脑部扫描检查Bob的大脑内部。大脑扫描是一种观察大脑内部功能的方法。扫描显示对了解鲍勃的情况很关键。他们发现他的大脑受到了没想到的损伤。他的大脑前部有明显的损伤。大脑这部分的损伤会导致抑郁和消极情绪。它也会引起愤怒和气愤。他的大脑受到了不平衡的损伤解释了为什么治疗没有奏效。
The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked. They had failed because they didn't address the brain injury. After discussing the injury with Bob and his parents, they concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer. In fact, Jack knew of a quite few of soccer players who had suffered head injuries from playing that sport. Heading a hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.
脑部扫描显示了为什么药物和其他治疗没有起作用。它们失败了是因为它们没有解决脑损伤的问题。在和Bob和他的父母讨论了伤势后，他们得出结论，受伤的原因是踢足球。事实上，Jack知道有不少足球运动员因参加这项运动而头部受伤。多次顶头球会损伤大脑。
With this new information, Jack used a new medication to treat the injury. Gradually, Bob improved, and after a few months was close to full recovery. He no longer had any signs of depression, and was finally able to return to school. Ultimately, Bob graduated from his university with honors, and entered a famous law school.
利用这个新的信息，Jack用了一种新的药物来治疗受伤。Bob逐渐好转了，几个月后完全康复。他不再有任何抑郁的症状，最终能够重返学校。最终，Bob以优异成绩从大学毕业，进入了一所著名的法学院。
From this experience, Jack realized that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob's life. If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself. Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment. Jack now believes that brain scans can be an important tool for psychiatrists. An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling, can work.
从这次经历中，Jsck意识到大脑成像让他得以挽救Bob的生命。如果不是扫描，鲍勃可能自杀而结束他的生命。发现和治疗大脑前部的损伤是他治疗的关键步骤。杰克现在相信脑部扫描可以成为精神科医生的重要工具。一个受伤的大脑必须在其他治疗，如维生素，药物或咨询，能起作用之前治愈。
Dialogue : New Policy of a Company 公司的新政策
w:We've got a real problem on our hands. We are getting a lot of complaints.
M:About the proposed new policy?
W:Yes,people think it's an invasion of privacy.
M:Don't they agree that regular exercise and staying in shape is good for everyone?
W:Sure, they agreed.But they don't think we have the right to use an app to track how much they exercise.
M:Using the app is the only way to make sure our employees get enough exercise.
女：我们手头有一个严重的问题。我们受到了很多投诉。
男：关于新政策的提案？
女：是的，人们觉得这是侵犯隐私。
男：难道他们不同意规律运动和塑形对他们很好吗？
女：是啊，他们也认可。但是他们认为我们没有利用一个应用追踪他们怎么锻炼的权利。
男：用这个应用是唯一确保员工获得足够运动的方法。
M:This new policy will reduce our health costs and improve productivity, which helps everyone.
W:That's not how they see it. This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots. They have no freedom anymore. Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like this on the wrist means they have no privacy.
M:Well, if you put it that way, I can see the problem. However, I don't see any other way to change people's habits. This is just a friendly reminder.
W:It's more than a reminder. It makes things public, and puts pressure on people to meet the requirements. It will force people to work out even when they don't want to. There won't be any choice.
男： 这项新政策将降低我们的医疗开销，提高生产力，这对每个人都有帮助。
女： 他们不是这样看的。这种规定让人觉得自己像机器人。他们再也没有自由了。要求每个人在手腕上戴上这样的智能设备意味着他们没有隐私。
男： 好吧，如果你那样说，我能看出问题所在。然而，我看不到任何其他方法可以改变人们的习惯。这只是一个友好的提醒。
女： 这不仅仅是提醒。它把事情公之于众，并对人们施加压力以满足要求。它会迫使人们即使不想锻炼也要锻炼。别无选择。
M:No, it doesn't have to be that way. We can still be flexible.
W:That's not the point. People hate the idea that the company knows everything they do. It's better enough that they have to communicate with each other at night and on the weekends.
M:What if we make the use of the app an option.
W:If you do that, it still puts pressure on people to use it. I think it's best that we get rid of this idea. I'm all for standards, but what about freedom, and creativity. If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people. There are other ways to deal with health issues.
M:Such as... What's your suggestion?
W:Give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.
男： 不，不一定是那样。我们还是很灵活的。
女： 这不是重点。人们讨厌公司知道他们所做的一切。他们晚上和周末必须开会，这已经足够了。
男： 如果让他们可以选择是否使用这个应用程序呢？
女： 如果你这样做，它仍然会给人们施加使用它的压力。我认为我们最好摆脱这个想法。我完全赞成标准，但自由和创造力呢。如果我们继续执行这项政策，我想我们会失去一些最优秀的人才。还有其他方法来处理健康问题。
男： 例如。。。你有什么建议？
女： 给那些少请病假的人额外的假期。
M:No... That wouldn't work. It will put pressure on people to come to work sick and get everyone else sick too. If someone is sick, I'd rather that they stay at home.
W:Then here is a radical idea. Why not let your department managers handle it? They are the ones who decide on promotions and bonuses. Setting everything in stone in the form of policies can be very dangerous.
M:OK, I'll consider it. For now, I'll give up the idea of using this app. Please let people know that we are listening to them. We do care about our employees.
W:I will, I'm sure people will appreciate it. It shows that you have faith in them.
M:Thanks, I appreciate your advice.
男： 不。。。那是行不通的。这会给人们带来压力，让他们带病上班，让其他人也生病。如果有人病了，我宁愿他们呆在家里。
女： 这是一个激进的想法。为什么不让你的部门经理来处理呢？他们是决定晋升和奖金的人。以政策的形式把一切都摆在石头上是非常危险的。
男： 好吧，我会考虑的。现在，我将放弃使用这个应用程序的想法。请让人们知道我们在听他们说话。我们确实关心我们的员工。
女： 我会的，我相信人们会感激的。这表明你对他们有信心。
男： 谢谢，谢谢你的建议。
reading1：Preventing Injuries
Exercise and a certain amount of strenuous physical activity are important for maintaining good health. However, before engaging in them,it's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people. Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.This consists of increasing your heartrate and the bloodflow to all parts of your body. A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving.
锻炼和一定量的剧烈运动对维持健康非常重要。然而，在从事这些活动之前，了解如何防止伤害的发生是很重要的，特别是对于运动员和老年人来说。适当的热身可以减少伤害，这包括增加心率和血液流向身体的各个部位。一个很好的方法是通过一系列静态拉伸，然后是一系列动态拉伸，这是在移动时完成的。
Using the proper equipment is essential, especially in contact sports.To protect the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions. Concussions are caused when the soft, jello-like brain slams into the hard human skull. Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequences.
使用合适的设备是必不可少的，尤其是在接触式运动中。例如，为了保护头部，精心设计的头盔可以大大降低脑震荡的发生率。脑震荡是由柔软的，像果冻一样的大脑撞击坚硬的人类头骨引起的。研究表明，反复的脑震荡会产生严重的后果。
Compression sports wear is another way to reduce the risk of injury, especially muscle injuries. More and more athletes are using them because their use can also speed up muscle recovery when an injury occurs. Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue. Doctors believe that fatigue is an important warning sign that the body has reached its limit. When fatigued it is more difficult for the body to protect itself.
压缩运动服是另一种减少受伤风险的方法，特别是肌肉损伤。越来越多的运动员使用它们，因为它们的使用还可以加速肌肉在受伤时的恢复。运动损伤的另一个因素是疲劳。医生认为疲劳是身体达到极限的一个重要警告信号。疲劳时，身体更难自我保护。
Therefore it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue. Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can prevent serious injuries from occurring. Understanding Injuries and the body's reaction to them can help people cope with the problems that accompany physical exercise. The support and understanding of coaches, teammates and family can be a critical factor in prevention and recovery. Once an injury occurs, it's too late to prevent it, and recovery can take a long time.For the elderly, a simple fall can be fatal.
因此，一有疲劳迹象就停止活动是个好主意。在休息时间，即使是职业运动员，也可以防止严重伤害的发生。了解伤害和身体对伤害的反应可以帮助人们解决伴随着体育锻炼的问题。教练、队友和家人的支持和理解是预防和康复的关键因素。一旦受伤，现在就来不及预防，恢复可能需要很长时间，对老年人来说，一次简单的摔倒就可能致命。
reading2：Blood Pressure and Stroke
A large international study has found that ten risk factors account for 90 percent of all the risk of stroke.Of that list, five risk factors usually related to lifestyle are responsible for a full 80 percent of stroke risk. According to the researchers these risk factors - high blood pressure,smoking,abdominal obesity, diet and physical activity - are modifiable and can be controlled.
一项大型的国际研究发现，10个危险因素占中风风险的90%，其中5个通常与生活方式有关的危险因素占中风风险的80%。据研究人员称，这些危险因素——高血压、吸烟、腹部肥胖、饮食和体育活动——是可以改变的，可以控制。
The findings come from a study of 3,000 people who had had strokes and an equal number of healthy individuals with no history of stroke. The study also includes a brain scan of all participating stroke survivors, according to the researchers.
这项研究的结果来自于对3000名中风患者和同等数量的没有中风病史的健康人的研究。研究人员称，这项研究还包括对所有参与的中风幸存者进行脑部扫描。
Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor,accounting for one-third of all strokerisk.Blood pressure, it was noted, plays amajor role in both forms of stroke: ischemic,the most common form(caused by blockage of a brain blood vessel), and hemorrhagic or bleeding stroke, in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
总的来说，高血压是最重要的因素，占所有中风的三分之一。人们注意到，血压在两种中风中都起着重要作用：缺血性中风，最常见的中风（由脑血管阻塞引起）和出血性中风，其中脑血管破裂。
Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments. Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake.The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well.High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke.
血压很容易测量，有很多治疗方法。改变生活方式来控制它包括增加体力活动和减少盐的摄入。其他生活方式的危险因素也是可以改变的。例如，摄入大量的鱼和水果会降低中风的风险。
Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies, but this is the first stroke risk study to include both low-and middle-income participants in developing countries.The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.This highlights the need for health authorities in those countries to develop strategies to reduce high blood pressure, salt intake and other risk factors.
许多相同的危险因素在其他研究中也有报道，但是，这是第一个将发展中国家的中低收入人群都包括在内的中风风险研究。这项研究证实，高血压是发展中国家和发达国家中风的主要原因。这突出表明，这些国家的卫生当局需要制定降低高血的策略压力、食盐摄入等危险因素。