Kotlin协程最佳实践

转自官方文档

https://developer.android.google.cn/kotlin/coroutines/coroutines-best-practices?hl=zh-cn

一 注入调度程序

在创建新协程或调用 withContext 时，请勿对 Dispatchers 进行硬编码。

// DO inject Dispatchers
class NewsRepository(
    private val defaultDispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher = Dispatchers.Default
) {
    suspend fun loadNews() = withContext(defaultDispatcher) { /* ... */ }
}

// DO NOT hardcode Dispatchers
class NewsRepository {
    // DO NOT use Dispatchers.Default directly, inject it instead
    suspend fun loadNews() = withContext(Dispatchers.Default) { /* ... */ }
}

二 挂起函数应该能够安全地从主线程调用

挂起函数应该是主线程安全的，这意味着，您可以安全地从主线程调用挂起函数。如果某个类在协程中执行长期运行的阻塞操作，那么该类负责使用 withContext 将执行操作移出主线程。这适用于应用中的所有类，无论其属于架构的哪个部分都不例外。

class NewsRepository(private val ioDispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher) {

    // As this operation is manually retrieving the news from the server
    // using a blocking HttpURLConnection, it needs to move the execution
    // to an IO dispatcher to make it main-safe
    suspend fun fetchLatestNews(): List<Article> {
        withContext(ioDispatcher) { /* ... implementation ... */ }
    }
}

// This use case fetches the latest news and the associated author.
class GetLatestNewsWithAuthorsUseCase(
    private val newsRepository: NewsRepository,
    private val authorsRepository: AuthorsRepository
) {
    // This method doesn't need to worry about moving the execution of the
    // coroutine to a different thread as newsRepository is main-safe.
    // The work done in the coroutine is lightweight as it only creates
    // a list and add elements to it
    suspend operator fun invoke(): List<ArticleWithAuthor> {
        val news = newsRepository.fetchLatestNews()

        val response: List<ArticleWithAuthor> = mutableEmptyList()
        for (article in news) {
            val author = authorsRepository.getAuthor(article.author)
            response.add(ArticleWithAuthor(article, author))
        }
        return Result.Success(response)
    }
}

三 ViewModel 应创建协程

ViewModel 类应首选创建协程，而不是公开挂起函数来执行业务逻辑

// DO create coroutines in the ViewModel
class LatestNewsViewModel(
    private val getLatestNewsWithAuthors: GetLatestNewsWithAuthorsUseCase
) : ViewModel() {

    private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow<LatestNewsUiState>(LatestNewsUiState.Loading)
    val uiState: StateFlow<LatestNewsUiState> = _uiState

    fun loadNews() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            val latestNewsWithAuthors = getLatestNewsWithAuthors()
            _uiState.value = LatestNewsUiState.Success(latestNewsWithAuthors)
        }
    }
}

// Prefer observable state rather than suspend functions from the ViewModel
class LatestNewsViewModel(
    private val getLatestNewsWithAuthors: GetLatestNewsWithAuthorsUseCase
) : ViewModel() {
    // DO NOT do this. News would probably need to be refreshed as well.
    // Instead of exposing a single value with a suspend function, news should
    // be exposed using a stream of data as in the code snippet above.
    suspend fun loadNews() = getLatestNewsWithAuthors()
}

视图不应直接触发任何协程来执行业务逻辑，而应将这项工作委托给 ViewModel

四 不要公开可变类型

最好向其他类公开不可变类型。这样一来，对可变类型的所有更改都会集中在一个类中，便于在出现问题时进行调试。

// DO expose immutable types
class LatestNewsViewModel : ViewModel() {

    private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow(LatestNewsUiState.Loading)
    val uiState: StateFlow<LatestNewsUiState> = _uiState

    /* ... */
}

class LatestNewsViewModel : ViewModel() {

    // DO NOT expose mutable types
    val uiState = MutableStateFlow(LatestNewsUiState.Loading)

    /* ... */
}

五 数据层和业务层应公开挂起函数和数据流

数据层和业务层中的类通常会公开函数以执行一次性调用，或接收数据随时间变化的通知。这些层中的类应该针对一次性调用公开挂起函数，并公开数据流以接收关于数据更改的通知。

// Classes in the data and business layer expose
// either suspend functions or Flows
class ExampleRepository {
    suspend fun makeNetworkRequest() { /* ... */ }

    fun getExamples(): Flow<Example> { /* ... */ }
}

在业务层和数据层中创建协程

仅当用户查看当前屏幕时，要在这些协程中完成的工作才具有相关性，则应遵循调用方的生命周期。在大多数情况下，调用方是 ViewModel，当用户离开屏幕并且 ViewModel 被清除时，调用将被取消。在这种情况下，应使用 coroutineScope 或 supervisorScope。

class GetAllBooksAndAuthorsUseCase(
    private val booksRepository: BooksRepository,
    private val authorsRepository: AuthorsRepository,
) {
    suspend fun getBookAndAuthors(): BookAndAuthors {
        // In parallel, fetch books and authors and return when both requests
        // complete and the data is ready
        return coroutineScope {
            val books = async { booksRepository.getAllBooks() }
            val authors = async { authorsRepository.getAllAuthors() }
            BookAndAuthors(books.await(), authors.await())
        }
    }
}

如果只要应用处于打开状态，要完成的工作就具有相关性，并且此工作不限于特定屏幕，那么此工作的存在时间应该比调用方的生命周期更长。对于这种情况，您应使用外部 CoroutineScope（如“不应取消的工作的协程和模式”这篇博文中所述）

class ArticlesRepository(
    private val articlesDataSource: ArticlesDataSource,
    private val externalScope: CoroutineScope,
) {
    // As we want to complete bookmarking the article even if the user moves
    // away from the screen, the work is done creating a new coroutine
    // from an external scope
    suspend fun bookmarkArticle(article: Article) {
        externalScope.launch { articlesDataSource.bookmarkArticle(article) }
            .join() // Wait for the coroutine to complete
    }
}

六 在测试中注入 TestDispatcher

• StandardTestDispatcher：使用调度器将已在其上启动的协程加入队列，并在测试线程不繁忙时执行这些协程。您可以使用 advanceUntilIdle 等方法挂起测试线程，以允许其他加入队列的协程运行。

• UnconfinedTestDispatcher：以阻塞方式即刻运行新协程。这样做通常可以更轻松地编写测试，但会使您无法更好地控制测试期间协程的执行方式。

class ArticlesRepositoryTest {

    @Test
    fun testBookmarkArticle() = runTest {
        // Pass the testScheduler provided by runTest's coroutine scope to
        // the test dispatcher
        val testDispatcher = UnconfinedTestDispatcher(testScheduler)

        val articlesDataSource = FakeArticlesDataSource()
        val repository = ArticlesRepository(
            articlesDataSource,
            testDispatcher
        )
        val article = Article()
        repository.bookmarkArticle(article)
        assertThat(articlesDataSource.isBookmarked(article)).isTrue()
    }
}

七 避免使用 GlobalScope

通过使用 GlobalScope，您将对类使用的 CoroutineScope 进行硬编码，而这会带来一些问题：

• 提高硬编码值。如果您对 GlobalScope 进行硬编码，则可能同时对 Dispatchers 进行硬编码。

• 这会让测试变得非常困难，因为您的代码是在非受控的作用域内执行的，您将无法控制其执行。

• 无法设置一个通用的 CoroutineContext 来对内置于作用域本身的所有协程执行。

可以考虑针对存在时间需要比当前作用域更长的工作注入一个 CoroutineScope

// DO inject an external scope instead of using GlobalScope.
// GlobalScope can be used indirectly. Here as a default parameter makes sense.
class ArticlesRepository(
    private val articlesDataSource: ArticlesDataSource,
    private val externalScope: CoroutineScope = GlobalScope,
    private val defaultDispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher = Dispatchers.Default
) {
    // As we want to complete bookmarking the article even if the user moves
    // away from the screen, the work is done creating a new coroutine
    // from an external scope
    suspend fun bookmarkArticle(article: Article) {
        externalScope.launch(defaultDispatcher) {
            articlesDataSource.bookmarkArticle(article)
        }
            .join() // Wait for the coroutine to complete
    }
}

// DO NOT use GlobalScope directly
class ArticlesRepository(
    private val articlesDataSource: ArticlesDataSource,
) {
    // As we want to complete bookmarking the article even if the user moves away
    // from the screen, the work is done creating a new coroutine with GlobalScope
    suspend fun bookmarkArticle(article: Article) {
        GlobalScope.launch {
            articlesDataSource.bookmarkArticle(article)
        }
            .join() // Wait for the coroutine to complete
    }
}

八 将协程设为可取消

协程取消属于协作操作，也就是说，在协程的 Job 被取消后，相应协程在挂起或检查是否存在取消操作之前不会被取消。如果您在协程中执行阻塞操作，请确保相应协程是可取消的。

someScope.launch {
    for(file in files) {
        ensureActive() // Check for cancellation
        readFile(file)
    }
}

kotlinx.coroutines 中的所有挂起函数（例如 withContext 和 delay）都是可取消的。如果您的协程调用这些函数，您无需执行任何其他操作。

九 留意异常

未处理协程中抛出的异常可能会导致应用崩溃。如果可能会发生异常，请在使用 viewModelScope 或 lifecycleScope 创建的任何协程主体中捕获相应异常。

class LoginViewModel(
    private val loginRepository: LoginRepository
) : ViewModel() {

    fun login(username: String, token: String) {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            try {
                loginRepository.login(username, token)
                // Notify view user logged in successfully
            } catch (exception: IOException) {
                // Notify view login attempt failed
            }
        }
    }
}