培根论读书

培根是16世纪英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的哲学家、文学家、思想家和科学家。“知识就是力量”就是培根的名言。他的随笔用英文写作（其更为看重的作品是拉丁文的），成集为《 Bacon's Essays》,中文翻译成《培根随笔》，其实就是杂文、散文一类的文体，这些Essays本非培根最得意的作品，却因其语言简洁、文笔优美、说理透彻、警句迭出、精短隽永而广为流传，奠定了他作为文学家的声誉。《随笔》中有一篇讨论读书、学习的短文，让人回味，中文的三个译本中，王佐良先生的译本简练而有古意，廖运范先生的译本准确，孙有中先生的译本明白，阅读时可对照欣赏各自的文采风流。

谈读书——王佐良译

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。
　　读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。
　　有一技之长鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然读书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
　　书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味矣。
　　读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。
　　读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演算须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。

论读书——廖运范译

读书能给人乐趣、文雅和能力。人们独居或退隐的时候，最能体会到读书的乐趣；谈话的时候，最能表现出读书的文雅；判断和处理事务的时候，最能发挥由读书而获得的能力。那些有实际经验而没有学识的人，也许能够一一实行或判断某些事物的细微末节，但对于事业的一般指导、筹划与处理，还是真正有学问的人才能胜任。
　　耗费过多的时间去读书便是迟滞，过分用学问自炫便是矫揉造作，而全凭学理判断一切，则是书呆子的癖好。学问能美化人性，经验又能充实学问。天生的植物需要人工修剪，人类的本性也需要学问诱导，而学问本身又必须以经验来规范，否则便太迂阔了。
　　技巧的人轻视学问，浅薄的人惊服学问，聪明的人却能利用学问。因为学问本身并不曾把它的用途教给人，至于如何去应用它，那是在学问之外、超越学问之上、由观察而获得的一种聪明呢！读书不是为着要辩驳，也不是要盲目信从，更不是去寻找谈话的资料，而是要去权衡和思考。
　　有些书只需浅尝，有些书可以狼吞，有些书要细嚼慢咽，漫漫消化。也就是说，有的书只需选读，有的书只需浏览，有的书却必须全部精读。有些书不必去读原本，读读它们的节本就够了，但这仅限于内容不大重要的二流书籍：否则，删节过的往往就像蒸馏水一样，淡而无味。
　　读书使人渊博，论辩使人机敏，写作使人精细。如果一个人很少写作，他就需要有很强的记忆力；如果他很少辩论，就需要有机智；如果他很少读书，就需要很狡猾，对于自己不懂的事情，假装知道。
　　历史使人聪明，诗歌使人富于想象，数学使人精确，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑学和修辞学使人善辩。
　　总之，读书能陶冶个性。不仅如此，读书并且可以铲除一切心理上的障碍，正如适当的运动能够矫治身体上的某些疾病一般。例如，滚球有益于肾脏；射箭有益于胸肺；散步有益于肠胃；骑马有益于头脑等等。因此，假若一个人心神散乱，最好让他学习数学，因为在演算数学题目的时候，一定得全神贯注，如果注意力稍一分散，就必须得再从头做起。假若一个人拙于辨别差异，就让他去请教那些演绎派的大师们，因为他们正是剖析毫发的人。假若一个人心灵迟滞，不能举一反三，最好让他去研究律师的案件。所以每一种心理缺陷，都有一种特殊的补救良方。

论学习——孙有中译

学习可以作为消遣，作为装点，也可以增进才能。其为消遣之用，主在独处、归休之时；为装点，则在高谈阔论之中；为才能，则在明辨是非、深谋远虑之间；因为专于一技者可以操持甚或判断一事一物，而唯有博学之士方能纵观全局，通权达变。
　　过度沉溺于学习是怠惰；过度炫耀学问是华而不实；食书不化乃书生之大疾。学习可以完善天性，并通过经验得以完善自身；因为天生之才犹如天然之草木，尚需通过学习加以修整；而纸上学问未免空谈，除非由经验加以约束。
　　聪颖者鄙视学习，愚鲁者羡慕学习，明智者利用学习；学习本身并不教人如何运用；唯有观察可以带来超越学习的智慧。读书不为争论长短，不为轻信盲从，也不为高谈阔论，而旨在衡情度理。
　　有些书可以浅尝辄止，有些书可以生吞，而有少数书应该细嚼慢咽，融会贯通；换言之，有些书可以阅读，但不必谨小慎微；而有少数书应该悉心通读，刻苦研习。有些书可以请人代读，也可以读其节选；但这只限于那些不够重要的论述和粗制滥造的书籍；否则，经过提炼的书犹如经过提炼的水一样，淡而无味。
　　读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人严谨；因此，假若一个人很少做笔记，那他需要有超人的记忆；假若他很少讨论，那他需要天资聪颖；而假若他很少读书，那他需要有充分的狡诈掩饰自己的无知。
　　读史使人明智，读诗使人聪颖，算数使人缜密，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑与修辞使人善辩。
　　总之，学习造就性格；不尽如此，心智中任何障碍可以通过恰当的学习来疏通。这正如身体尚的疾病可以通过恰当的锻炼来消除：滚球有益于腰肾，射箭有益于胸肺，慢步有益于肠胃，骑马有益于大脑，等等。因此，假若有人甚至懒散，那就让他学习算术，因为在演算中，注意力稍有分散，他就必须从头做起；假若他的智慧不足以辨别差异，那就让他学习经院哲学家，因为他们善于吹毛求疵；而假若他不擅处理事务，不能触类旁通，那就让他学习律师的案例。因此，心智上的每一种缺陷都可能有专门的药方。

Of Studies——Francis Bacon

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned.
　　To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
　　Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
　　Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
　　Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not.
　　Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
　　Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.