python库升级失败|pip升级失败|Traceback (most recent call last)|ReadTimeoutError解决方案

环境：win10，python3.6

错误原因一：

ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 186, in _main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 258, in run
    isolated_mode=options.isolated_mode,
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 604, in decide_user_install
    if site_packages_writable(root=root_path, isolated=isolated_mode):
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 549, in site_packages_writable
    test_writable_dir(d) for d in set(get_lib_location_guesses(**kwargs))
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 549, in <genexpr>
    test_writable_dir(d) for d in set(get_lib_location_guesses(**kwargs))
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\filesystem.py", line 140, in test_writable_dir
    return _test_writable_dir_win(path)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\filesystem.py", line 153, in _test_writable_dir_win
    fd = os.open(file, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL)
PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'd:\\program files (x86)\\microsoft visual studio\\shared\\python36_64\\Lib\\site-packages\\accesstest_deleteme_fishfingers_custard_85avju'
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.0.2; however, version 20.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'd:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

错误原因二：超时

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 425, in _error_catcher
    yield
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 507, in read
    data = self._fp.read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\cachecontrol\filewrapper.py", line 62, in read
    data = self.__fp.read(amt)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\http\client.py", line 449, in read
    n = self.readinto(b)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\http\client.py", line 493, in readinto
    n = self.fp.readinto(b)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\socket.py", line 586, in readinto
    return self._sock.recv_into(b)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\ssl.py", line 1009, in recv_into
    return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\ssl.py", line 871, in read
    return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\ssl.py", line 631, in read
    v = self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
socket.timeout: The read operation timed out

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 186, in _main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 331, in run
    resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 177, in resolve
    discovered_reqs.extend(self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req))
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 333, in _resolve_one
    abstract_dist = self._get_abstract_dist_for(req_to_install)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 282, in _get_abstract_dist_for
    abstract_dist = self.preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(req)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 482, in prepare_linked_requirement
    hashes=hashes,
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 287, in unpack_url
    hashes=hashes,
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 159, in unpack_http_url
    link, downloader, temp_dir.path, hashes
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 303, in _download_http_url
    for chunk in download.chunks:
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\ui.py", line 160, in iter
    for x in it:
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\network\utils.py", line 39, in response_chunks
    decode_content=False,
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 564, in stream
    data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 529, in read
    raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\contextlib.py", line 99, in __exit__
    self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
  File "d:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 430, in _error_catcher
    raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.0.2; however, version 20.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'd:\program files (x86)\microsoft visual studio\shared\python36_64\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

解决方案一：一般方法

pip install --upgrade pip
#即下载pip包
python -m pip install --upgrade pip

解决方案二：管理员权限

pip install --user --upgrade pip

解决方案三：若超时换国内镜像

pip install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple pip


#说明：pip install -i 国内镜像地址 库包

附录 国内镜像源

国内的pip源，如下：
阿里云 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中国科技大学 https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
豆瓣(douban) http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
清华大学 https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
中国科学技术大学 http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/