转自 http://baile8410.iteye.com/blog/546517
目前 apt和yum 已经极为成熟了,建议我们安装软件时采用 apt或者yum ;如果安装系统盘提供的软件包,可以用 system-config-packages 或redhat-config-packageshttp://baile8410.iteye.com/blog/546517
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tar linux 命令说明
l 《鸟哥的 Linux 私房菜》之 “档案的压缩与打包”
l 《Linux 基础教程(1) 操作系统基础》第14章
参数:
-c :建立一个压缩档案的参数指令(create 的意思);
-x :解开一个压缩档案的参数指令!
-t :查看 tarfile 里面的档案!
特别注意,在参数的下达中, c/x/t 仅能存在一个!不可同时存在!
因为不可能同时压缩与解压缩。
-z :是否同时具有 gzip 的属性?亦即是否需要用 gzip 压缩?
-j :是否同时具有 bzip2 的属性?亦即是否需要用 bzip2 压缩?
-v :压缩的过程中显示档案!这个常用,但不建议用在背景执行过程!
-f :使用档名,请留意,在 f 之后要立即接档名喔!不要再加参数!
例如使用『 tar -zcvfP tfile sfile』就是错误的写法,要写成
『 tar -zcvPf tfile sfile』才对喔!
-p :使用原档案的原来属性(属性不会依据使用者而变)
-P :可以使用绝对路径来压缩!
-N :比后面接的日期(yyyy/mm/dd)还要新的才会被打包进新建的档案中!
--exclude FILE:在压缩的过程中,不要将 FILE 打包!
范例:
范例一:将整个 /etc 目录下的档案全部打包成为/tmp/etc.tar
[root@linux ~]# tar -cvf /tmp/etc.tar /etc <==仅打包,不压缩!
[root@linux ~]# tar -zcvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc <==打包后,以 gzip 压缩
[root@linux ~]# tar -jcvf /tmp/etc.tar.bz2 /etc <==打包后,以 bzip2 压缩
# 特别注意,在参数 f 之后的档案档名是自己取的,我们习惯上都用 .tar 来作为辨识。
# 如果加 z 参数,则以 .tar.gz 或 .tgz 来代表gzip 压缩过的 tar file ~
# 如果加 j 参数,则以 .tar.bz2 来作为附档名啊~
# 上述指令在执行的时候,会显示一个警告讯息:
# 『tar: Removingleading `/' from member names』那是关于绝对路径的特殊设定。
范例二:查阅上述 /tmp/etc.tar.gz 档案内有哪些档案?
[root@linux ~]# tar -ztvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz
# 由于我们使用 gzip 压缩,所以要查阅该 tar file 内的档案时,
# 就得要加上 z 这个参数了!这很重要的!
范例三:将 /tmp/etc.tar.gz 档案解压缩在/usr/local/src 底下
[root@linux ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@linux src]# tar -zxvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz
# 在预设的情况下,我们可以将压缩档在任何地方解开的!以这个范例来说,
# 我先将工作目录变换到/usr/local/src 底下,并且解开 /tmp/etc.tar.gz ,
# 则解开的目录会在/usr/local/src/etc 呢!另外,如果您进入 /usr/local/src/etc
# 则会发现,该目录下的档案属性与/etc/ 可能会有所不同喔!
范例四:在 /tmp 底下,我只想要将/tmp/etc.tar.gz 内的 etc/passwd 解开而已
[root@linux ~]# cd /tmp
[root@linux tmp]# tar -zxvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz etc/passwd
# 我可以透过 tar -ztvf 来查阅 tarfile 内的文件名称,如果单只要一个档案,
# 就可以透过这个方式来下达!注意到! etc.tar.gz 内的根目录 / 是被拿掉了!
范例五:将 /etc/ 内的所有档案备份下来,并且保存其权限!
[root@linux ~]# tar -zcvpf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc
# 这个 -p 的属性是很重要的,尤其是当您要保留原本档案的属性时!
范例六:在 /home 当中,比 2005/06/01新的档案才备份
[root@linux ~]# tar -N '2005/06/01'-zcvf home.tar.gz /home
范例七:我要备份 /home, /etc ,但不要/home/dmtsai
[root@linux ~]# tar --exclude /home/dmtsai -zcvfmyfile.tar.gz /home/* /etc
范例八:将 /etc/ 打包后直接解开在 /tmp 底下,而不产生档案!
[root@linux ~]# cd /tmp
[root@linux tmp]# tar -cvf - /etc | tar -xvf -
# 这个动作有点像是 cp -r/etc /tmp 啦~依旧是有其有用途的!
# 要注意的地方在于输出档变成 - 而输入档也变成 - ,又有一个 | 存在~
# 这分别代表 standardoutput, standard input 与管线命令啦!
# 这部分我们会在 Bashshell 时,再次提到这个指令跟大家再解释啰!
NAME
tar - The GNU versionof the tar archiving utility
SYNOPSIS
tar
Operations:
[-]A --catenate--concatenate
[-]c --create
[-]d --diff --compare
[-]r --append
[-]t --list
[-]u --update
[-]x --extract --get
--delete
Common Options:
-C, --directory DIR
-f, --file F
-j, --bzip2
-p, --preserve-permissions
-v, --verbose
-z, --gzip
All Options:
[ --atime-preserve ] [-b, --blocking-factor N ] [ -B, --read-full-records ] [ --backup BACKUP-TYPE ][ --block-
compress ] [ -C,--directory DIR ] [ --check-links ] [ --checkpoint ] [ -f, --file[HOSTNAME:]F ] [ -F, --info-
script F --new-volume-script F ] [ --force-local ] [ --format FORMAT ] [ -g,--listed-incremental F ] [ -G,
--incremental ] [--group GROUP ] [ -h, --dereference ] [ --help ] [ -i, --ignore-zeros ] [ --ignore-case ] [
--ignore-failed-read ] [ --index-file FILE ] [ -j, --bzip2 ] [ -k,--keep-old-files ] [ -K, --starting-file F ] [
--keep-newer-files ] [-l, --one-file-system ] [ -L, --tape-length N ] [ -m, --touch,--modification-time ] [ -M,
--multi-volume ] [ --mode PERMISSIONS ] [ -N, --after-date DATE, --newer DATE ] [ --newer-mtime DATE ] [ --no-
anchored ] [--no-ignore-case ] [ --no-recursion ] [ --no-same-permissions ] [ --no-wildcards] [ --no-wildcards-
match-slash ] [ --null ] [ --numeric-owner ] [ -o, --old-archive, --portability,--no-same-owner ] [ -O, --to-
stdout ] [ --occurrenceNUM ] [ --overwrite ] [ --overwrite-dir ] [ --owner USER ] [ -p, --same-permissions,--pre-
serve-permissions ] [ -P, --absolute-names ] [ --pax-option KEYWORD-LIST ] [ --posix ] [ --preserve ] [-R,
--block-number ] [--record-size SIZE ] [ --recursion ] [ --recursive-unlink ] [ --remove-files] [ --rmt-command
CMD ] [ --rsh-command CMD ][ -s, --same-order, --preserve-order ] [ -S, --sparse ] [ --same-owner ] [--show-
defaults ] [--show-omitted-dirs ] [ --strip-components NUMBER, --strip-path NUMBER (1) ] [--suffix SUFFIX ] [ -T,
--files-from F ] [ --totals ] [ -U, --unlink-first ] [--use-compress-program PROG ] [ --utc ] [ -v, --verbose ]
[ -V, --label NAME ] [--version ] [ --volno-file F ] [ -w,--interactive, --confirmation ] [ -W, --verify ] [
--wildcards ] [ --wildcards-match-slash ] [ --exclude PATTERN ] [ -X,--exclude-from FILE ] [ -Z, --compress,
--uncompress ] [ -z,--gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip ] [ -[0-7][lmh] ]
(1) tar-1.14 uses --strip-path,tar-1.14.90+ uses --strip-components
DESCRIPTION
This manual pagedocuments the GNU version of tar, an archiving program designed to store andextract files from an
archive file known as a tarfile. A tarfile may be made ona tape drive, however, it is also common to write a
tarfile to a normalfile. The first argument to tar must beone of the options Acdrtux, followed by any optional
functions. The final arguments to tar are the names ofthe files or directories which should be archived. The use
of a directory namealways implies that the subdirectories below should be included in the archive.
EXAMPLES
tar -xvf foo.tar
verboselyextract foo.tar
tar -xzf foo.tar.gz
extract gzippedfoo.tar.gz
tar -cjf foo.tar.bz2bar/
create bzippedtar archive of the directory bar called foo.tar.bz2
tar -xjf foo.tar.bz2 -Cbar/
extract bzippedfoo.tar.bz2 after changing directory to bar
tar -xzf foo.tar.gzblah.txt
extract the file blah.txt fromfoo.tar.bz2
FUNCTION LETTERS
One of the followingoptions must be used:
-A, --catenate,--concatenate
append tar filesto an archive
-c, --create
create a newarchive
-d, --diff, --compare
find differencesbetween archive and file system
-r, --append
append files tothe end of an archive
-t, --list
list thecontents of an archive
-u, --update
only append files that are newerthan the existing in archive
-x, --extract, --get
extract filesfrom an archive
--delete
delete from thearchive (not for use on mag tapes!)
COMMON OPTIONS
-C, --directory DIR
change todirectory DIR
-f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F
use archive fileor device F (default "-", meaning stdin/stdout)
-j, --bzip2
filter archivethrough bzip2, use to decompress .bz2 files
-p,--preserve-permissions
extract allprotection information
-v, --verbose
verbosely listfiles processed
-z, --gzip, --ungzip
filter thearchive through gzip
ALL OPTIONS
--atime-preserve
don’t changeaccess times on dumped files
-b, --blocking-factor N
block size ofNx512 bytes (default N=20)
-B, --read-full-blocks
reblock as weread (for reading 4.2BSD pipes)
--backup BACKUP-TYPE
backup filesinstead of deleting them using BACKUP-TYPE simple or numbered
--block-compress
block the outputof compression program for tapes
-C, --directory DIR
change todirectory DIR
--check-links
warn if numberof hard links to the file on the filesystem mismatch the number of links recorded in the
archive
--checkpoint
print directorynames while reading the archive
-f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F
use archive fileor device F (default "-", meaning stdin/stdout)
-F, --info-script F--new-volume-script F
run script atend of each tape (implies --multi-volume)
--force-local
archive file is local even if has a colon
--format FORMAT
selects outputarchive format
v7 - Unix V7
oldgnu - GNU tar<=1.12
gnu - GNU tar1.13
ustar -POSIX.1-1988
posix - POSIX.1-2001
-g,--listed-incremental F
create/list/extract new GNU-format incremental backup
-G, --incremental
create/list/extract old GNU-format incremental backup
-h, --dereference
don’t dump symlinks; dump the files theypoint to
--help like thismanpage, but not as cool
-i, --ignore-zeros
ignore blocks ofzeros in archive (normally mean EOF)
--ignore-case
ignore case whenexcluding files
--ignore-failed-read
don’t exitwith non-zero status on unreadable files
--index-file FILE
send verboseoutput to FILE instead of stdout
-j, --bzip2
filter archivethrough bzip2, use to decompress .bz2 files
-k, --keep-old-files
keep existingfiles; don’t overwrite them from archive
-K, --starting-file F
begin at file Fin the archive
--keep-newer-files
do not overwritefiles which are newer than the archive
-l, --one-file-system
stay in localfile system when creating an archive
-L, --tape-length N
change tapesafter writing N*1024 bytes
-m, --touch, --modification-time
don’t extractfile modified time
-M, --multi-volume
create/list/extract multi-volume archive
--mode PERMISSIONS
applyPERMISSIONS while adding files (see chmod(1))
-N, --after-date DATE,--newer DATE
only store filesnewer than DATE
--newer-mtime DATE
like --newer,but with a DATE
--no-anchored
match anysubsequenceof the name’s components with --exclude
--no-ignore-case
use case-sensitive matching with--exclude
--no-recursion
don’t recurseinto directories
--no-same-permissions
apply user’sumask when extracting files instead of recorded permissions
--no-wildcards
don’t usewildcards with --exclude
--no-wildcards-match-slash
wildcards do notmatch slashes (/) with --exclude
--null --files-fromreads null-terminated names, disable --directory
--numeric-owner
always usenumbers for user/group names
-o, --old-archive,--portability
like--format=v7; -o exhibits this behavior when creating an archive (deprecatedbehavior)
-o, --no-same-owner
do not attemptto restore ownership when extracting; -o exhibits this behavior when extractingan archive
-O, --to-stdout
extract files tostandard output
--occurrence NUM
process only NUMoccurrences of each named file; used with --delete, --diff, --extract, or--list
--overwrite
overwriteexisting files and directory metadata when extracting
--overwrite-dir
overwritedirectory metadata when extracting
--owner USER
change owner of extraced files toUSER
-p, --same-permissions,--preserve-permissions
extract allprotection information
-P, --absolute-names
don’t stripleading ‘/’s from file names
--pax-optionKEYWORD-LIST
used only withPOSIX.1-2001 archives to modify the way tar handles extended header keywords
--posix
like--format=posix
--preserve
like--preserve-permissions --same-order
-R, --record-number
show recordnumber within archive with each message
--record-size SIZE
use SIZE bytesper record when accessing archives
--recursion
recurse intodirectories
--recursive-unlink
remove existingdirectories before extracting directories of the same name
--remove-files
remove filesafter adding them to the archive
--rmt-command CMD
use CMD insteadof the default /usr/sbin/rmt
--rsh-command CMD
use remote CMDinstead of rsh(1)
-s, --same-order,--preserve-order
list of names toextract is sorted to match archive
-S, --sparse
handle sparsefiles efficiently
--same-owner
create extractedfiles with the same ownership
--show-defaults
display thedefault options used by tar
--show-omitted-dirs
printdirectories tar skips while operating on an archive
--strip-componentsNUMBER, --strip-path NUMBER
strip NUMBER ofleading components from file names before extraction
(1) tar-1.14uses --strip-path, tar-1.14.90+ uses --strip-components
--suffix SUFFIX
use SUFFIX instead of default ’~’when backing up files
-T, --files-from F
get names toextract or create from file F
--totals
print totalbytes written with --create
-U, --unlink-first
remove existing files before extractingfiles of the same name
--use-compress-programPROG
access thearchive through PROG which is generally a compression program
--utc display file modification dates in UTC
-v, --verbose
verbosely listfiles processed
-V, --label NAME
create archivewith volume name NAME
--version
print tarprogram version number
--volno-file F
keep track ofwhich volume of a multi-volume archive its working in FILE; used with--multi-volume
-w, --interactive,--confirmation
ask forconfirmation for every action
-W, --verify
attempt toverify the archive after writing it
--wildcards
use wildcardswith --exclude
--wildcards-match-slash
wildcards matchslashes (/) with --exclude
--exclude PATTERN
exclude filesbased upon PATTERN
-X, --exclude-from FILE
exclude fileslisted in FILE
-Z, --compress,--uncompress
filter thearchive through compress
-z, --gzip, --gunzip,--ungzip
filter thearchive through gzip
--use-compress-programPROG
filter the archive through PROG (whichmust accept -d)
-[0-7][lmh]
specify driveand density
BUGS
The GNU folks, in general, abhor manpages, and create info documents instead. The maintainer of tar falls into
this category. Thus this man page may not be complete, norcurrent, and was included in the Red Hat CVS tree
because man is a great tool :). This man page was first taken from DebianLinux and has since been lovingly
updated here.
REPORTING BUGS
Please report bugs viahttps://bugzilla.redhat.com
SEE ALSO
The full documentationfor tar is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and tar programs are properly
installed at your site,the command
info tar
should give you accessto the complete manual.
AUTHORS
Debian Linuxhttp://www.debian.org/
Mike Frysinger
GNU Oct 2004 TAR(1)