40.Sunk-Cost Fallacy: How to Avoid Bias Based on Past Decisions

![s]：清辅音。接近上颚。=[z]浊
![θ]:清辅音不发声，舌尖在两齿中，但轻触！thing[θɪŋ]
![v]:浊辅音！=[f],上齿咬下唇

THEORY：

• Cognitive Therapy:认知行为疗法是一组通过改变思维和行为的方法来改变不良认知，达到消除不良情绪和行为的短程的心理治疗方法。认为A(Activating events)-B(Beliefs)-C(Consequences)，不是A直接到C，可通过纠正B来治疗。
  Meychenbaum认为，人的行为和情绪由自我指令性语言控制，而自我指令性语言在儿童时代就已经内化，虽在成人期意识不到，但仍在控制人类的行为和情绪。如果自我指令性语言在形成过程中有误，则会产生情绪障碍和适应不良行为。因此，治疗包括学习新的自我指令、使用想象技术来解决问题等。

• ** 行为治疗**：人格是一切动作的总和，是各种习惯系统的最后产物，重建人格就是建立新的行为习惯。只需改变行为即可。方法：

1. 系统脱敏法
2. 行为塑造法shaping：强化（奖励）
3. 代币制疗法：类似钱币
4. 厌恶疗法

(一定要自己去试试！语言反塑大脑！所以内心的语言一定要小心且有意识控制。行为疗法对养成习惯很有意义，奖励+惩罚，脱敏对于恐惧有很大帮助，要有意识的使用)

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WORD:

• Sunk Cost Fallacy:Refusing to abandon something unrewarding because you've already inversted in it.=Belief that anything you’ve already invested in deserves greater investment.
  sunk:sink+ed[sʌŋk]下沉
  fallacy['fæləsɪ]谬误
• Caribbean加勒比海[kæri'bi(:)ən]
• deserved[dɪ'zɜːvd]当之无愧的well-~
  deserved winners
  You deserve it！
• resort度假村[rɪ'zɔːt]
• rat trap捕鼠陷阱[træp]
• impressive[ɪm'presɪv].adj=代替词！excellent、good job、well done
  It's quite impressive！工作很棒！
  impression：I don't wanna give/leave the impression that I'm a bad guy.
• deposit[dɪ'pɑzɪt]押金
• island['aɪlənd]
• stick with sth.坚持
• rookie['rʊkɪ]菜鸟
• 被...愚弄were fooled by
• 更有可能you are more likely to=probably
• 自尊personal pride
• break even不赚不赔v.使平坦
• remaining剩下的[rɪ'meɪnɪŋ] ~assets
• commit委托[kə'mɪt]
• corporate executive总经理[ɪg'zekjʊtɪv]
• support=champion['tʃæmpɪən]=shore up支持 an campaign[ʃɔː]海滨，支撑[kæm'peɪn]
• plow[plau]耕，开路（plough美）
  plough sth into sth 大量投资于
• plug[plʌg]插头
• setback挫折[set]-feedback反馈
• dump[dʌmp]垃圾、倾倒
• cognitive therapy['kɒɡnɪtɪv]['θerəpɪ]
• Forbes福布斯['fɔ:bəz]
• flipping a coin抛硬币['flɪpɪŋ]轻弹-heads正tail尾巴反
• be programmed to do程序被设定为做....指天生就是做.....
• soul-numbing jobs令人灵魂麻木的工作['nʌmɪŋ]
• shell out 花钱，支付He had to shell out a lot of money for the date.
• pet project面子工程,个人偏爱的项目
  Don't bother him about his pet project. You'll never tear him away from it.
• 连读：let i(t) go,can(t )hold i(t) back anymore.

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PHRASE

• 支付定金put down a deposit
• impress[ɪm'pres]vt. ~ sb with sth
  You impress her with your ability/ passion热情/ good manners.风度/voice...
  -pull the plug on sth 拔掉插头-放弃

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SENTENCE

• Logic, along with the laws of probability, tells you to walk away.
• A model of good decision-making is always based on future utility or future payoff回报. [juːˈtɪlɪtɪ]功用
• Past decisions should NOT affect what is good for you now.