tomcat7启动报错org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[]]

错误日志如下：

Aug 02, 2017 3:07:18 PM org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoaderBase validateJarFile
INFO: validateJarFile(/usr/local/tomcat_8080/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/lib/javaee-api-7.0.jar) - jar not loaded. See Servlet Spec 3.0, section 10.7.2. Offending class: javax/servlet/Servlet.class
Aug 02, 2017 3:07:18 PM org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoaderBase validateJarFile
INFO: validateJarFile(/usr/local/tomcat_8080/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/lib/tomcat-el-api-8.0.9.jar) - jar not loaded. See Servlet Spec 3.0, section 10.7.2. Offending class: javax/el/Expression.class
Aug 02, 2017 3:07:23 PM org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase addChildInternal
SEVERE: ContainerBase.addChild: start:
org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[]]
    at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:154)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:901)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:877)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:652)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR(HostConfig.java:1095)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig$DeployWar.run(HostConfig.java:1957)
    at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Unable to complete the scan for annotations for web application [] due to a StackOverflowError. Possible root causes include a too low setting for -Xss and illegal cyclic inheritance dependencies. The class hierarchy being processed was [org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1EncodableVector->org.bouncycastle.asn1.DEREncodableVector->org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1EncodableVector]
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.checkHandlesTypes(ContextConfig.java:2159)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.processAnnotationsStream(ContextConfig.java:2105)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.processAnnotationsJar(ContextConfig.java:1980)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.processAnnotationsUrl(ContextConfig.java:1946)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.processAnnotations(ContextConfig.java:1931)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.webConfig(ContextConfig.java:1330)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.configureStart(ContextConfig.java:889)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.lifecycleEvent(ContextConfig.java:386)
    at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleSupport.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleSupport.java:117)
    at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleBase.java:90)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5479)
    at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150)
    ... 10 more

Aug 02, 2017 3:07:23 PM org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployWAR
SEVERE: Error deploying web application archive /usr/local/tomcat_8080/webapps/ROOT.war
java.lang.IllegalStateException: ContainerBase.addChild: start: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[]]
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:905)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:877)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:652)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR(HostConfig.java:1095)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig$DeployWar.run(HostConfig.java:1957)
    at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

Aug 02, 2017 3:07:23 PM org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployWAR
INFO: Deployment of web application archive /usr/local/tomcat_8080/webapps/ROOT.war has finished in 6,029 ms
Aug 02, 2017 3:07:23 PM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start
INFO: Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-bio-8080"]
Aug 02, 2017 3:07:23 PM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start
INFO: Starting ProtocolHandler ["ajp-bio-8009"]
Aug 02, 2017 3:07:23 PM org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina start
INFO: Server startup in 6220 ms

又看到错误信息

INFO: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library which allows optimal performance in production environments was not found on the java.library.path: /usr/java/packages/lib/i386:/lib:/usr/lib

Tomcat有三种运行模式：bio、nio、apr，不同模式下Tomcat的运行效率差别比较大
一、bio(blockingIO)

阻塞式IO，Tomcat6及以前版本默认运行模式，性能非常低下，没有经过任何优化处理。
二、nio(noblocking IO)

三、apr（Apache Portable Runtime）
从操作系统(http://lib.csdn.net/base/operatingsystem)级别来解决异步的IO问题,大幅度的提高性能。
必须要安装apr和native，直接启动就支持apr。
安装apr
apr需要APR库和OpenSSL相关库。
yum install apr-devel openssl-devel

安装apr组件：

tar zxvf apr-1.4.6.tar.gz
cd apr-1.4.6
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
make && make install

安装native
进入Tomcat的bin目录，比如：/usr/local/tomcat8/bin
解压native源码包

tar -zxvf tomcat-native.tar.gz  
cd tomcat-native-1.1.32-src/jni/native  
./configure--with-apr=/usr/bin/apr-1-config--with-java-home="jdk路径" --with-ssl=yes  
make && make install

加载apr的环境变量，使tomcat加载Tomcat Native组件：
vi /etc/profile
添加如下内容：
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/apr/lib
加载环境变量，使其立即生效
source /etc/profile

将tomcat的server.xml配置文件里的SSLEngine设置为off