# The Ruby Style Guide
> Hey jude, don't make it bad.
> Take a sad song and make it better.
> Remember to let her into your heart,
> Then you can start to make it better.
* [github Ruby style guide](https://github.com/styleguide/ruby)
* [community-driven Ruby style guide](https://github.com/bbatsov/ruby-style-guide)
* [Ruby on Rails 3 Style Guide](https://github.com/bbatsov/rails-style-guide)
* [浠ｇ爜澶у叏](http://book.douban.com/subject/1477390/)
* [浠ｇ爜鏁存磥涔嬮亾](http://book.douban.com/subject/4199741/)
* [閲嶆瀯](http://book.douban.com/subject/1229923/)
## 鎺掔増
* 浣跨敤`UTF-8`缂栫爜
```VimL
set encoding=utf-8
set fileencodings=utf-8,gb2312,gb18030,gbk,ucs-bom,cp936,latin1 " 濡傛灉浣犺鎵撳紑鐨勬枃浠剁紪鐮佷笉鍦ㄦ鍒楋紝閭ｅ氨娣诲姞杩涘幓
set termencoding=utf-8
```
* 浣跨敤绛夊瀛椾綋
```VimL
set guifont=Bitstream\ Vera\ Sans\ Mono\ 12
```
* 浣跨敤涓や釜绌烘牸浣滀负缂╄繘
```Ruby
# good
def some_method
do_something
end
# bad - four spaces
def some_method
do_something
end
```
* 涓嶈鍦ㄧ缉杩涗腑鐣欎笅鍒惰〃绗�(Tab)銆傝缃紪杈戝櫒锛岃嚜鍔ㄥ皢鍒惰〃绗﹀睍寮�涓轰袱涓┖鏍�
```VimL
" 绀轰緥1锛氬叏灞�璁剧疆
set autoindent
set expandtab
set tabstop=2 shiftwidth=2 softtabstop=2
```
```VimL
" 绀轰緥2锛氭瘡璇█鍗曠嫭璁剧疆
autocmd FileType ruby,eruby,yaml set ai ts=2 sw=2 sts=2 et
```
* 姝ｇ‘鎷煎啓鑻辨枃鍗曡瘝
```Ruby
# bad
def has_joind?(talbe_name)
return false unless scoped.respond_to?(:joins_values)
scoped.joins_values.any?{|joins| joins =~ /inner\s+join\s+#{talbe_name}/i }
end
# good
def has_joined?(table_name)
return false unless scoped.respond_to?(:joins_values)
scoped.joins_values.any? { |joins| joins =~ /inner\s+join\s+#{table_name}/i }
end
```
* 灏介噺灏嗚鐨勯暱搴︽帶鍒跺湪80涓瓧绗︿互涓�
```Ruby
# bad
def some_method
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_method_call if condition1 && condition2 && condition3
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation1 && a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation2 && a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation3
end
# good, 浣嗘洿濂界殑鍋氭硶鏄�冭檻閲嶅懡鍚嶆柟娉曟垨灏嗙浉搴旈�昏緫鎶藉彇鎴愬瓙鏂规硶
def some_method
if condition1 && condition2 && condition3
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_method_call
end
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation1 &&
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation2 &&
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation3
end
```
* 涓嶈鍦ㄨ灏剧暀涓嬬┖鐧藉瓧绗�
```VimL
set list
set listchars=tab:,.,trail:.,extends:#,nbsp:. " Highlight problematic whitespace
```
* 鍦ㄤ互涓嬩綅缃姞涓婄┖鏍硷細鎿嶄綔绗﹀墠鍚�, 閫楀彿銆佸啋鍙枫�佸垎鍙峰悗锛�'{'鍓嶅悗锛� '}'鍓�
```Ruby
sum = 1 + 2
result = 10 / (1 + 2)
a, b = 1, 2
1 > 2 ? some_operation : other_operation
[1, 2, 3].each { |e| puts e }
hash = { key1: 'luo', key2: 'xin' }
def find(name, options = {})
result
end
```
鍞竴鐨勪緥澶栨槸鎸囨暟鎿嶄綔绗�
```Ruby
# bad
e = M * c ** 2
# good
e = M * c**2
```
* 浠ヤ笅浣嶇疆娌℃湁绌烘牸锛�'(', '['鍚庡拰']', ')'鍓�
```Ruby
some(arg).other
[1, 2, 3].length
```
* 淇濊瘉`when`鍜宍case`鐨勭缉杩涘眰娆＄浉鍚�
```Ruby
case
when song.name == 'Misty'
puts 'Not again!'
when song.duration > 120
puts 'Too long!'
when Time.now.hour > 21
puts "It's too late"
else
song.play
end
kind = case year
when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
else 'Jazz'
end
```
* 浣跨敤绌鸿鍒嗛殧涓嶅悓鏂规硶鍙婂悓涓�鏂规硶鐨勪笉鍚岄�昏緫娈�
```Ruby
def some_method
data = initialize(options)
first_method_call_with(data)
second_method_call_with(data)
third_method_call_with(data)
data.result
end
def other_method
result
end
```
* 濡傛灉浣跨敤琛ㄨ揪寮忚祴鍊硷紝琛ㄨ揪寮忕殑缂╄繘瑕佷繚鎸佷竴鑷�
```Ruby
# bad
result = if index > 10
do_something
elsif index > 5
do_other_thing
else
puts 'I can not bear it.'
end
# good
result = if index > 10
do_something
elsif index > 5
do_other_thing
else
puts 'I can not bear it.'
end
```
* 澶氳璧嬪�兼椂锛屼负淇濇寔缇庤锛屽敖閲忓皢绛夊彿瀵归綈
```Ruby
# ok
var1 = 1
var12 = 12
var12345 = 12345
var123 = 123
# good
var1 = 1
var12 = 12
var12345 = 12345
var123 = 123
```
* 浣跨敤鍝堝笇璧嬪�兼椂锛屽鏋滃搱甯岄暱搴﹁繃闀匡紝搴旇鐢ㄥ琛岃〃绀猴紝涓斿敖閲忎繚鎸佸榻�
```Ruby
# very bad
result = {:key1=>:value1,:key2=>:value2}
# bad
result = { :this_is_the_first_key => :this_is_the_first_value, :this_is_another_key => :this_is_another_value, :this_is_the_last_key => :this_is_the_last_value }
# good for ruby 1.8
result = { :key1 => :value1, :key2 => :value2 }
result = { :this_is_the_first_key => :this_is_the_first_value,
:this_is_another_key => :this_is_another_value,
:this_is_the_last_key => :this_is_the_last_value }
# good for ruby 1.9
result = { key1: :value1, key2: :value2 }
result = { this_is_the_first_key: :this_is_the_first_value,
this_is_another_key: :this_is_another_value,
this_is_the_last_key: :this_is_the_last_value }
```
## 璇硶
* 瀹氫箟鏂规硶鏃讹紝濡傛灉甯﹀弬瑕佸姞涓婃嫭鍙凤紝鍚﹀垯涓嶈鍔犳嫭鍙�
```Ruby
def some_method
# body omitted
end
def some_method_with_arguments(arg1, arg2)
# body omitted
end
```
* 浣跨敤杩唬鍣紝鑰屼笉瑕佷娇鐢╢or璇彞
```Ruby
# bad
for elem in arr do
puts elem
end
# good
arr.each { |elem| puts elem }
```
* 涓嶈鍦ㄥ琛岀殑if/unless璇彞涓娇鐢╰hen
```Ruby
# bad
if some_condition then
# body omitted
end
# good
if some_condition
# body omitted
end
```
* 涓嶈浣跨敤鍐楅暱鐨勪笁鍏冭〃杈惧紡(?:)銆備絾鍦ㄩ�昏緫杈冪畝鍗曪紝鑳界敤涓�琛岃〃杈剧殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝浣跨敤涓夊厓琛ㄨ揪寮忚�屼笉鏄痠f/then/else/end璇彞
```Ruby
# bad
result = if some_condition then something else something_else end
# good
result = some_condition ? something : something_else
```
* 涓夊厓琛ㄨ揪寮忎腑涓嶈鍑虹幇閫昏緫鍒嗘敮銆傚湪杩欑鎯呭喌涓嬪簲璇ヤ娇鐢╥f/else璇彞
```Ruby
# bad
some_condition ? (nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else) : something_else
# good
if some_condition
nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else
else
something_else
end
```
* 涓嶈浣跨敤and鍜宱r. 鎬绘槸浣跨敤&&鍜寍|
```Ruby
# bad. 娉ㄦ剰鎿嶄綔绗︾殑浼樺厛绾�
# 绛変环浜�(result = find_by_name(name)) or find_by_code(code) or fail 'wow!'
result = find_by_name(name) or find_by_code(code) or fail 'wow!'
# good
result = find_by_name(name) || find_by_code(code) || fail('wow!')
```
* 涓嶈璺ㄨ浣跨敤涓夊厓琛ㄨ揪寮�, 浣跨敤if/unless璇彞
* 鍦ㄨ鍙ラ潪甯哥畝鐭殑鎯呭喌涓嬩娇鐢ㄥ崟琛屽悗缃甶f/unless璇彞
```Ruby
# bad
if some_condition
do_something
end
# good
do_something if some_condition
```
* 涓嶈浣跨敤unless/else璇彞锛屽皢瀹冩敼鍐欎负if/else璇彞
```Ruby
# bad
unless success?
puts 'failure'
else
puts 'success'
end
# good
if success?
puts 'success'
else
puts 'failure'
end
```
* 涓嶈瀵筰f/unless/while璇彞鐨勪腑鐨勫崟涓潯浠朵娇鐢ㄦ嫭鍙�
```Ruby
# bad
if (x > 10)
# body omitted
end
# good
if x > 10
# body omitted
end
# good, 涓嶇敤鎷彿璇箟浼氭敼鍙樸�傚嵆浣跨敤鎷彿涔熶笉瑕佺敤or
if (x = something) && y
# body omitted
end
```
* 鍗曡block浣跨敤鑺辨嫭鍙穥...}. 澶氳block浣跨敤do...end. 涓嶈浣跨敤do...end杩涜閾惧紡璋冪敤
```Ruby
names = %w(Bozhidar Steve Sarah)
# good
names.each { |name| puts name }
# bad
names.each do |name|
puts name
end
# good
names.select { |name| name.start_with?('S') }.map { |name| name.upcase }
# bad
names.select do |name|
name.start_with?("S")
end.map { |name| name.upcase }
# ok, 浣嗘洿浣崇殑鏂瑰紡鏄妸澶嶆潅閫昏緫鍖呰鎴愭柟娉曡皟鐢�
names.select { |name| name.start_with?('S') && name.end_with?('e') }.
map { |name| name.upcase }
```
* 涓嶈鍦ㄤ笉蹇呰鐨勬儏鍐典笅浣跨敤return
```Ruby
# bad
def some_method(some_arr)
return some_arr.size
end
# good
def some_method(some_arr)
some_arr.size
end
```
* 鏂规硶瀹氫箟鏃讹紝鍦ㄥ畾涔夋湁榛樿鍊肩殑鍙傛暟鏃讹紝绛夊彿鐨勫墠鍚庤鍔犱笂绌烘牸
```Ruby
# bad
def some_method(arg1=:default, arg2=nil, arg3=[])
# do something...
end
# good
def some_method(arg1 = :default, arg2 = nil, arg3 = [])
# do something...
end
```
* 鍙互浣跨敤璧嬪�艰鍙�(=)鐨勮繑鍥炲�硷紝浣嗚娉ㄦ剰浼樺厛绾э紝闇�瑕佹椂浠ユ嫭鍙风幆缁�
```Ruby
# ok
if (v = array.grep(/foo/))
# do something...
end
# good
if v = array.grep(/foo/)
# do something...
end
# also good - 鐢ㄦ嫭鍙蜂繚璇佹搷浣滅浼樺厛绾ф纭�
if (v = self.next_value) == "hello"
# do something...
end
```
* 鍙互浣跨敤||=缁欏彉閲忚祴鍒濆�硷紝浣嗕笉瑕佷娇鐢▅|=缁欏竷灏旂被鍨嬪彉閲忚祴鍒濆�硷紙鍥犱负鍘熷鍊煎彲鑳戒负false锛�
```Ruby
# set name to Bozhidar, only if it's nil or false
name ||= 'Bozhidar'
# bad - would set enabled to true even if it was false
enabled ||= true
# good
enabled = true if enabled.nil?
```
* 鍦ㄧ敤瀹炰緥鍙橀噺瀹炵幇memoize妯″紡鐨勬柟娉曚腑锛屼娇鐢╠efined?鑰屼笉鏄瘄|=
```Ruby
# bad, 褰揹o_something鐨勮繑鍥炲�间负nil鎴杅alse鏃讹紝娌℃湁璧峰埌memoize鐨勬晥鏋�
def some_method
@result ||= do_something
end
# good
def some_method
defined?(@result) ? @result : @result = do_something
end
```
* 涓嶈鍦ㄦ柟娉曞悕鍜屾嫭鍙蜂腑闂村姞绌烘牸
```Ruby
# bad
f (3 + 2) + 1
# bad
def fun (a)
a * 2
end
# good
f(3 + 2) + 1
# good
def fun(a)
a * 2
end
```
* 鐢ㄤ笅鍒掔嚎鍙栦唬鏈娇鐢ㄧ殑block鍙傛暟
```Ruby
# bad
result = hash.map { |k, v| v + 1 }
# good
result = hash.map { |_, v| v + 1 }
```
## 鍛藉悕瑙勫垯
* 鏂规硶鍜屽彉閲忎娇鐢╯nake_case
```Ruby
# bad
def someMethod
myName = 'luoxin'
end
# good
def some_method
my_name = 'luoxin'
end
```
* 绫诲拰妯″潡鐨勫畾涔変娇鐢–amelCase. 娉ㄦ剰淇濇寔棣栧瓧姣嶇缉鍐欒瘝鐨勫師鏈夊舰寮忥紝濡侶TTP, RFC, XML绛�
```Ruby
# bad
module HttpServer
# ...
end
# good
module HTTPServer
# ...
end
```
* 甯搁噺鐨勫畾涔変娇鐢⊿CREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
```Ruby
# bad
class Week
Days_In_A_Week = 7
end
# good
class Week
DAYS_IN_A_WEEK = 7
end
```
* 閰嶇疆鐩稿叧淇℃伅涓嶈浣跨敤甯搁噺
```Ruby
# bad
class JavaService
JAVA_SERVICE_URL = '192.168.8.81'
end
# good
class JavaService
cattr_accessor :url, instance_write: false
self.url = '192.168.8.81'
end
```
* 閫昏緫鍒ゆ柇鐨勬柟娉�(杩斿洖鍊间负甯冨皵鍨�)搴旇浣跨敤褰㈠璇嶆垨鍔ㄨ瘝瀹屾垚鏃舵�侊紝骞朵互闂彿缁撳熬銆備笉瑕佷娇鐢╥s_鍓嶇紑
```Ruby
# bad
def empty
something.count > 0
end
# bad
def is_empty?
something.count > 0
end
# good
def empty?
something.count > 0
end
```
* 浣跨敤鍏锋湁鎻忚堪鎬х殑鏂规硶鍚嶅拰鍙橀噺鍚�
```Ruby
# bad
def gen_ymdhms
# ...
end
# good
def generate_timestamp
# ...
end
# bad
all = deals.map { |x| x.id }
# good
deal_ids = deals.map { |deal| deal.id }
```
## 闆嗗悎
* 褰撳０鏄庡叏鐢卞瓧绗︿覆缁勬垚鐨勬暟缁勬椂锛屼娇鐢�%w()
```Ruby
# bad
STATES = ['draft', 'open', 'closed']
# good
STATES = %w(draft open closed)
```
* 濡傛灉闆嗗悎涓殑鍏冪礌鐨嗕负鍞竴锛屼娇鐢⊿et鑰屼笉鏄疉rray
```Ruby
s = Set.new
s << 1 << 2 << 3 << 2 << 1 #
```
* 灏介噺浣跨敤symbol鑰屼笉鏄痵tring浣滀负鍝堝笇鐨勯敭
```Ruby
# bad
hash = { 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }
# good for ruby 1.8
hash = { :one => 1, :two => 2, :three => 3 }
# good for ruby 1.9
hash = { one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }
```
## 瀛楃涓�
* 浣跨敤瀛楃涓叉彃鍏�(interpolation)锛屼笉瑕佷娇鐢ㄥ瓧绗︿覆鍔犳硶
```Ruby
# bad
email_with_name = user.name + ' <' + user.email + '>'
# good
email_with_name = "#{user.name} <#{user.email}>"
```
* 褰撲笉闇�瑕佸瓧绗︿覆鎻掑叆鎴栬�呭鐞哱t, \n绛夌壒娈婂瓧绗︽椂锛屼娇鐢ㄥ崟寮曞彿
```Ruby
# bad
require "active_support"
name = "Bozhidar"
# good
require 'active_support'
name = 'Bozhidar'
```
* 鏋勯�犲瓧绗︿覆鏃朵笉瑕佷娇鐢ㄥ瓧绗︿覆鍔犳硶, 瑕佷娇鐢ㄥ瓧绗︿覆杩炴帴鎿嶄綔绗�
```Ruby
# good and also fast
html = ''
html << 'Page title'
paragraphs.each { |paragraph| html << "#{paragraph}" }
```
## 鐗规畩鏋勯�犵
* 浣跨敤%w鏋勯�犲瓧绗︿覆鏁扮粍
```Ruby
STATES = %w(draft open closed)
```
* 浣跨敤%()鏋勯�犲崟琛岀殑銆佸寘鍚弻寮曞彿鍜屾彃鍏ョ殑瀛楃涓�
```Ruby
# bad (no interpolation needed)
%(Some text)
# should be 'Some text'
# bad (no double-quotes)
%(This is #{quality} style)
# should be "This is #{quality} style"
# bad (multiple lines)
%(\n#{exclamation}\n)
# should be a heredoc
# bad (no double-quotes)
%(#{name})
# should be "#{name}"
# good (requires interpolation, has double quotes, single line)
%(#{name})
```
* 瀵瑰琛岀殑瀛楃涓蹭娇鐢╤eredoc
```Ruby
# bad (multiple lines)
%(\n#{exclamation}\n)
# should be a heredoc
# good
<<-HTML
#{exclamation}
HTML
```
* 鍦ㄦ鍒欒〃杈惧紡涓寘鍚涓�'/'鏃朵娇鐢�%r
```Ruby
# bad
%r(\s+)
# still bad
%r(^/(.*)$)
# should be /^\/(.*)$/
# good
%r(^/blog/2011/(.*)$)
```
* 涓嶈浣跨敤%q, %Q, %x, %s, and %W. 浣跨敤%鏋勯�犵鏃讹紝棣栭��()浣滀负鍒嗗壊绗�
```Ruby
# bad
name = %q(I'm luoxin)
# should be "I'm luoxin" or 'I\'m luoxin'
# bad
div = %Q()
# should be %()
# bad
div = %Q[div id="#@div_id" name="#@div_name">]
# should be %()
# good
js = %[alert("Hi, #@user_name");]
```
## 鍏朵粬
* 浠ｇ爜涓祵鍏QL璇彞鏃讹紝SQL鍏抽敭瀛楀ぇ鍐欙紝鍏朵粬瀛楃灏忓啓
```Ruby
# bad
User.find_by_sql('select id, name from users where id < 5')
# good
User.find_by_sql('SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE id < 5')
```
* 濡傛灉浠ｇ爜涓祵鍏ョ殑SQL璇彞杩囬暱锛屼娇鐢ㄦ崲琛屾潵鍒掑垎閫昏緫
```Ruby
# bad, too long
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('INSERT INTO hui800.deals VALUES (id, code, title, start_time, end_time) SELECT id, code, name, start_date, end_date FROM coupons.deal')
# good
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
INSERT INTO hui800.deals
VALUES (id, code, title, start_time, end_time)
SELECT id, code, name, start_date, end_date
FROM coupons.deal
SQL
```
* 涓嶈鍑虹幇N+1鏌ヨ
```Ruby
# bad, N+1
users = User.where('id < 100')
users.each { |u| puts u.school }
# good
users = User.where('id < 100').includes(:school)
users.each { |u| puts u.school }
```
* 鏂规硶鍙傛暟鐨勪釜鏁板敖閲忎笉瓒呰繃涓や釜锛屾渶澶氫笉瓒呰繃涓変釜(*args闄ゅ)銆傚鏋滄湁澶氶�夐」锛屼竴鑸�氳繃鏈�鏈殑鍝堝笇鍙傛暟鏉ヤ紶閫�
```Ruby
# bad
def my_cache(key, city_id = nil, page = nil, per_page = nil, order_by = nil)
end
# good
def my_cache(key, options = {})
end
```
* 鍦≧uby 1.9涓娇鐢ㄦ柊鐨勫搱甯岃娉�
```Ruby
# bad for Ruby 1.9
hash = { :a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3 }
# good for Ruby 1.9
hash = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }
```
* 鍦≧uby 1.9涓娇鐢ㄦ柊鐨刲ambda璇硶
```Ruby
# bad for Ruby 1.9
my_lambda = lambda { |x| puts x }
my_lambda.call(3)
# good for Ruby 1.9
my_lambda = ->(x) { puts x }
my_lambda.(3)
```
* 鍦ㄤ笉鏈熸湜淇敼鐨勫璞′笂璋冪敤freeze鏂规硶
```Ruby
# bad
configuration = { database: 'tuan800', adapter: 'mysql2' }
# good
configuration = { database: 'tuan800', adapter: 'mysql2' }.freeze
```
* 鐔熺粌浣跨敤涓�绉嶇紪杈戝櫒銆傛帹鑽愪娇鐢╒im鎴朎macs
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