Provide a template for the entire page's HTML. The template should contain a comment `` which serves as the placeholder for rendered app content. 为整个网页的HTML提供模板。 模板应包含注释 ，作为呈现的应用内容的占位符。
In addition, when both a template and a render context is provided (e.g. when using the bundleRenderer), the renderer will also automatically inject the following properties found on the render context: 此外，当提供模板和渲染上下文时（例如，当使用bundleRenderer ），渲染器也将自动注入渲染上下文中找到的以下属性：
context.head: (string) any head markup that should be injected into the head of the page. 应该注入页面头部的任何头标记
context.styles: (string) any inline CSS that should be injected into the head of the page. Note that vue-loader 10.2.0+ (which uses vue-style-loader 2.0) will automatically populate this property with styles used in rendered components.应该注入页面头部的任何内联CSS。 请注意， vue-loader 10.2.0+（使用vue-style-loader 2.0）将使用渲染组件中使用的样式自动填充此属性
context.state: (Object) initial Vuex store state that should be inlined in the page as window.__INITIAL_STATE__. The inlined JSON is automatically sanitized with serialize-javascript.初始Vuex存储状态，应在页面中内联为window.INITIAL_STATE, 内联JSON将使用serialize-javascript自动进行清理
Example:
const renderer = createRenderer({
template:
'' +
'' +
'' +
'' +
// context.head will be injected here
// context.styles will be injected here
'' +
'' +
'' + // <- app content rendered here
// context.state will be injected here
'' +
''
})
basedir
New in 2.2.0
Explicitly declare the base directory for the server bundle to resolve node_modules from. This is only needed if your generated bundle file is placed in a different location from where the externalized NPM dependencies are installed.
Note that the basedir is automatically inferred if you use vue-ssr-webpack-plugin or provide an absolute path to createBundleRenderer as the first argument, so in most cases you don't need to provide this option. However, this option does allow you to explicitly overwrite the inferred value.
directives
Allows you to provide server-side implementations for your custom directives:
const renderer = createRenderer({
directives: {
example (vnode, directiveMeta) {
// transform vnode based on directive binding metadata
}
}
})
As an example, check out v-show's server-side implementation.
Why Use bundleRenderer?
When we bundle our front-end code with a module bundler such as webpack, it can introduce some complexity when we want to reuse the same code on the server. For example, if we use vue-loader, TypeScript or JSX, the code cannot run natively in Node. Our code may also rely on some webpack-specific features such as file handling with file-loader or style injection with style-loader, both of which can be problematic when running inside a native Node module environment.
The most straightforward solution to this is to leverage webpack's target: 'node' feature and simply use webpack to bundle our code on both the client AND the server.
Having a compiled server bundle also provides another advantage in terms of code organization. In a typical Node.js app, the server is a long-running process. If we run our application modules directly, the instantiated modules will be shared across every request. This imposes some inconvenient restrictions to the application structure: we will have to avoid any use of global stateful singletons (e.g. the store), otherwise state mutations caused by one request will affect the result of the next.
Instead, it's more straightforward to run our app "fresh", in a sandboxed context for each request, so that we don't have to think about avoiding state contamination across requests.
Creating the Server Bundle
screen shot 2016-08-11 at 6 06 57 pm
The application bundle can be either a string of bundled code (not recommended due to lack of source map support), or a special object of the following type:
type RenderBundle = {
entry: string; // name of the entry file
files: { [filename: string]: string; }; // all files in the bundle
maps: { [filename: string]: string; }; // source maps
}
Although theoretically you can use any build tool to generate the bundle, it is recommended to use webpack + vue-loader + vue-ssr-webpack-plugin for this purpose. The plugin will automatically turn the build output into a single JSON file that you can then pass to createBundleRenderer. This setup works seamlessly even if you use webpack's on-demand code splitting features such as dynamic import().
The typical workflow is setting up a base webpack configuration file for the client-side, then modify it to generate the server-side bundle with the following changes:
Set target: 'node' and output: { libraryTarget: 'commonjs2' } in your webpack config.
Add vue-ssr-webpack-plugin to your webpack plugins. This plugin automatically generates the bundle as a single JSON file which contains all the files and source maps of the entire bundle. This is particularly important if you use Webpack's code-splitting features that result in a multi-file bundle.
In your server-side entry point, export a function. The function will receive the render context object (passed to bundleRenderer.renderToString or bundleRenderer.renderToStream), and should return a Promise, which should eventually resolve to the app's root Vue instance:
// server-entry.js
import Vue from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'
const app = new Vue(App)
// the default export should be a function
// which will receive the context of the render call
export default context => {
// data pre-fetching
return app.fetchServerData(context.url).then(() => {
return app
})
}
It's also a good idea to externalize your dependencies (see below).
Externals
When using the bundleRenderer, we will by default bundle every dependency of our app into the server bundle as well. This means on each request these depdencies will need to be parsed and evaluated again, which is unnecessary in most cases.
We can optimize this by externalizing dependencies from your bundle. During the render, any raw require() calls found in the bundle will return the actual Node module from your rendering process. With Webpack, we can simply list the modules we want to externalize using the externals config option:
// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
// this will externalize all modules listed under "dependencies"
// in your package.json
externals: Object.keys(require('./package.json').dependencies)
}
Externals Caveats
Since externalized modules will be shared across every request, you need to make sure that the dependency is idempotent. That is, using it across different requests should always yield the same result - it cannot have global state that may be changed by your application. Interactions between externalized modules are fine (e.g. using a Vue plugin).
Component Caching
You can easily cache components during SSR by implementing the serverCacheKey function:
Note that cachable component must also define a unique "name" option. This is necessary for Vue to determine the identity of the component when using the bundle renderer.
With a unique name, the cache key is thus per-component: you don't need to worry about two components returning the same key. A cache key should contain sufficient information to represent the shape of the render result. The above is a good implementation if the render result is solely determined by props.item.id. However, if the item with the same id may change over time, or if render result also relies on another prop, then you need to modify your getCacheKey implementation to take those other variables into account.
Returning a constant will cause the component to always be cached, which is good for purely static components.
When to use component caching
If the renderer hits a cache for a component during render, it will directly reuse the cached result for the entire sub tree. So do not cache a component containing child components that rely on global state.
In most cases, you shouldn't and don't need to cache single-instance components. The most common type of components that need caching are ones in big lists. Since these components are usually driven by objects in database collections, they can make use of a simple caching strategy: generate their cache keys using their unique id plus the last updated timestamp:
In server-rendered output, the root element will have the server-rendered="true" attribute. On the client, when you mount a Vue instance to an element with this attribute, it will attempt to "hydrate" the existing DOM instead of creating new DOM nodes.
In development mode, Vue will assert the client-side generated virtual DOM tree matches the DOM structure rendered from the server. If there is a mismatch, it will bail hydration, discard existing DOM and render from scratch. In production mode, this assertion is disabled for maximum performance.
Hydration Caveats
One thing to be aware of when using SSR + client hydration is some special HTML structures that may be altered by the browser. For example, when you write this in a Vue template:
hi
The browser will automatically inject inside
, however, the virtual DOM generated by Vue does not contain , so it will cause a mismatch. To ensure correct matching, make sure to write valid HTML in your templates.
原题链接：#137 Single Number II
要求：
给定一个整型数组，其中除了一个元素之外，每个元素都出现三次。找出这个元素
注意：算法的时间复杂度应为O(n)，最好不使用额外的内存空间
难度：中等
分析：
与#136类似，都是考察位运算。不过出现两次的可以使用异或运算的特性 n XOR n = 0, n XOR 0 = n，即某一
A message containing letters from A-Z is being encoded to numbers using the following mapping:
'A' -> 1
'B' -> 2
...
'Z' -> 26
Given an encoded message containing digits, det
