as（四级考试频度很大的几个用法）
1.引导让步状语从句（通常可以用though替换），使用下面句型：1）"形容词／副词十as＋主语十谓语：Young as I am，I know some of the family secrets．尽管我还很小，但我了解一些家庭秘密。Much as like her，I will not marry her．虽然我很喜欢她，但我并不想与她结婚。Some members of the staff couldn't handle the case，hard as they tried．一些职员不管怎么想办法也解决不了这个问题。2）"原形动词十as十主语十may／might／will／would"：Try as he would，he could not lift the rock．不管他用多大劲也举不起那块石头。There was not a soul to be found in the house，search as they would．不管他们怎么寻找，房子里也找不到一个人。
2.作关系代词，使用下面句型：1）"such…as"（as在此接近于who/that/which）：Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.汤姆认识的那些妇女都认为他长得很迷人。I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听说过他讲的那些故事。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．只要对别人有帮助，他从不犹豫提出这类批评。It wasn't such a good dinner she had promised us． a．that b．which c．as d．what（答案c．CET－4'90／1．译文：它并不是像她承诺我们的那样一顿美餐。）2）用在"the same…as"句型中：He doesn't believe the same things as you do．他不相信你相信的那些东西。（注：as的这一用法在OALD词典中被当作连词，但在张道真教授编的《现代英语用法词典》（重排本）P70中被当作关系代词，似乎后者更合理、更好理解些。）
3．用在"as＋be动词十表语"从句中，表不"正如"：He is absent，as is often the case．他正如通常那样又缺席了。Freddie，as might be expected，was attending the conference．正如可能预料的那样，弗雷迪当时正在出席会议。As was expected，he performed the task with success．正如预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。 ______ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a great American writer. a．That b．Which c．As d．It（答案 c．CET－4'93／6．译文：正如世人所知，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 _____ is generally accepted，economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production．a．What b．That c．It d．As（答案d．考研'95．译文：正如所公认的那样，经济增长是由生产的平 稳发展所决定的。）（注：as在这一句型中是连词还是关系代词也存在着争议，它在结构上更接近关系代词，但as与that／which不同，that／which引导的关系从句只能放在先行词后面，而as引导的从句不但可以放在主句的后面，还可以放在主句的前面。）
4．as用于省略句，为避免重复，as代替表语或宾语部分：David is tall，as are my brothers．像我的几个弟兄们一样，戴维也是个高个儿。（as are my brothers用的是倒装语序，正常语序应是 as my brothers are。）The Second World War，as did the earlier one of 1914，prompted public concern about a physical and Intellectual well－being of the country's human resources．第二次世界大战，正如早些时候1914年的那次一样，立即引起了公众对这个国家人力资源的身心健康的关注。
5．as用于省略句，引起分词短语作状语：As expected，the afforestation movement rapidly spread．正如预料的那样，植树造林运动迅速扩展开来。It usually happens as described above．它的发生通常如上面所描写的那样。He had failed to visit her as promised．他没有像他允诺的那样去看望她。His first novel"Night" was an account of the Nazi crimes ____ through the eyes of a teenaged boy．a．as seen b．which saw c．but was seen d．and were seen（答案a．选自六级样题．译文：他的第一部小说《夜》通过一个十几岁的男孩的眼睛描述了纳粹的罪行。）
6．用于as much…as；not so much… as"或"not so／as十形容词十as"句式中：He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted．他说，那里的局势并不像所描绘的那样糟。The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning．学校教育的伟大作用与其说是教给你东西，还不如说是教给你如何学习的技能。He is not so much a writer as a reporter．与其说他是位作家，还不如说他是个记者。They were expected to be models of virtue，honoured as much for their character as for their learning．人们期望他们成为美德的典范，不但因为他们的学识，而且因为他们的品德而受到敬重。
7．用于 as if/as though引导的省略句中：He paused as if expecting Lenny to speak．（as if后面跟现在分词）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼讲话一样。The boy turned， as if awakened from some dream。（后面跟过去分词）那男孩翻了翻身，好像从梦中醒来一样。He opened his mouth as if to speak something．（后面跟不定式）他张张口，好像要说些什么。He glanced as if in search of something．（后面跟介词短语）他瞟了一眼，好像在寻找什么东西一样。
8．用在"just as…，so…"结构中：Just as the soil is a part of the earth，＿_ the atmosphere． a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）（so is the atmosphere是倒装句。在"just as…，so…"句式中，so引导的主句常用倒装语序，尤其在主语特别长时更是如此，so代替被省略了的表语部分。）Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks， ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words．a．so b．as c．thus d．like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．译文：正如建筑工人砌砖郁闲熟的技艺一样，有经验的作家在用词做文章上也有高超的技艺。）
before
before一特别要注意before在下面几个例句中的用法，在这些例句中，before相当于and then，汉语常译为"然后；才"：I must finish my work before go home．我必须先把工作做完再回家。He had to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner．往往要叫他两三遍，他才肯过来吃饭。The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops．那个农夫决定把那些牛赶走，以免对庄稼造成更大的损害。It was several years before we met again．又过了好几年我们才又见了面。A man escaped from the prison last night．It was a long time the guards discovered what had happened． a．before b．until c．since d．when（答案 a．CET．4'93／6．译文：昨晚一个犯人从监狱逃跑了，过了好久警卫才发现发生了什么事。）Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since b. before c. after d. when (答案 b．CET．4'95／6．译文：科学家们说，可能还需要 5到 10年才能将这种药在病人身上作实验。（注：before的这一用法经常考试）
busy
busy -busy作表语时仅面可跟如下结构：busy with／at／over/-ing"忙于……"：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination． a．to prepare b．to be prepared c．preparing d．being prepared（答案 c．CET－4'93／6． 译文：琼昨天晚上没有时间去听音乐会，因为她在忙于准备考试。）We were busy （get）things ready for the trial production when he phoned us．（考研'80．答案：将get变为getting．译文：我们正为试生产而忙着做准备时，他打来了电话．）
but for
but for ----用于虚拟语气中，表示"若非"，相当于if not，后面跟名词；还可用 but that引导一个从句，陈述具体事实：_____ bed its destination on time. a．In case of b．In spite of c．Because of d．But for（答案 d．CET－6'90／1．译文：若不是由于洪水，轮船就可以按时抵达目的地了）。He might have been killed __＿_ the arrival of the police．a．except for b．but for c．with d．for（答案 b．CET－6'95／6．译文： 若不是警察赶到，他可能就被杀害了。） ______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. a. In spite of b. But for c. Because of d. As for（答案 b．考研'91．译文：要不是有英语考试，我上个星期天就去听音乐会了。）
but that
but that ---- 用在虚拟语气中，but that从句谓语用陈述语气，陈述具体事实，表示"倘没有，若不是"： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本来会帮助我们的， 但当时他没有钱。 but that 还用在"（It is） not that…but that…"句式中,表示"不是因为…而是因为…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.不是约翰不想帮助你，而是因为他无能为力。
can／could
can／could ---- 1．"can't…too""怎么也不为过'：You can't be _____ careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case．a．quite b．very c．too d．so（答案 c．选自六级样题．译文：做这一决定时再细心也不为过，因为这是一件至关重要的事情。）
2．"can't/couldn't+比较级"表示"不可能再"，实际上等于"……最"：The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the war－torn country．对于那个饱受战争之苦的国家来说， 地震发生的时间再糟糕不过了。
3．"can't/couldn't+完成式"用于推断过去"不可能发生了某事"：Mary、my letter， otherwise she would have replied before now．a．has received b. ought to have received c. couldn't have received d. shouldn't have received（答案 C．考研'91．译文：玛丽不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定会回信的。）Comrade Li _____ be in Beijing because saw him in town only a few minutes ago．a．mustn't b．can't c．may not d．isn't able to（答案b．考研'80．译文：李同志不可能在北京，因为仅在几分钟前我还在城里见到了他。）
cannot help-ing
cannot help-ing ----"禁不住，忍不住；避免不了"：I couldn't help overhearing what he said.我禁不住偷听了他说的话。We couldn't help their seeing us．我们避免不了他们看见我们。
cannot help but do
cannot help but do -----"不由得，不能不"（与 cannot help-ing基本同义）：You can't help but respect them．你不由的要尊敬他们。（注：在这个句式中，还可以把help省略掉，意思不变，如上面的句子也可改变为：You cannot but respect them．）
cannot choose but do
cannot choose but do ----注意ht后面习惯上跟不带 to的不定式，表示"没有别的办法，只好"； He cannot choose but obey．他没有别的办法，只好服从。
choice
choice ----注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1．"have no choice but to do"或"There's no choice for sb but to do""没有别的办法，只好"（注意 but后面的不定式必须带 to）：We had no choice but to do what we were asked．我们不得不做要求我们做的工作。2．"have no other choice than to do""没有别的选择，只好"：The beaten enemy had no other choice than．a．surrender b．surrendering c．to surrender d．to be surrendered（答案c．译文：被打败的敌人没有别的选择只好投降。）
do more than do
do more than do ----注意 than后面习惯上跟不带to的不定式，表示"不仅仅，不单单，不只是"：In the course of a day students do far more than Just classes．a．attend b． attended c.to attend d．attending（答案 a．CET－4'93／6．译文：在一天之内，学生不只是上课（还要做许多别的事情）。Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the use in student cheating．除了谈论学生作弊的上升以外，全国各地的大学已决定采取一切措施。（摘自《大学英语》第二册第8课 Honesty：Is It Going Out of Style？）
do nothing but（do）
do nothing but（do） ----"仅仅（做），只（做），除……外什么都不（做）"：Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed．He must have done nothing but _____ （drink）．（答案：but后用原形动词 drink。考研'89）（注意下面的句式）So there was nothing for them to do ______ their places at the end of It．a．except take b．but take c．besides take d． but to take（答案 d．译文：他们只好在尽头自己的座位上坐下。）（注意这里的 but后面用不定式to take与前面的for them to do是并列的，处在相同的位置上，作nothing的定语： nothing to do but to take...)
do nothing else than (do)
do nothing else than (do) ---- 注意：do nothing后面用了else后就要用than而不再用but, 但than后面同样用不带to的不定式：He sat there, doing nothing else ______. a. but to laugh b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed （答案c. 译文：他坐在那里一个劲地笑。）但注意下面这个句子：He had nothing else to do except to return/than to return to his hot room..他没有别的办法，只好回到自己酷热的房间。（这个句子中的不定式 to do和to return做 nothing else的定语．）
either…or
either…or ----"或是……或是……；不是……就是…"。由选择连词either…or引导的名词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与or后面的名词保持一致。either…or还可以引导并列名词或介词短语作宾语，引导并列谓语或表语，引导并列状语或定语，引导并列分句。该结构的关键是由它们引导的两个部分必须并列处于同一层次上：Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow．要么蒂姆，要么他的兄弟们，必须铲雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them．当地的猎人或者枪杀它们，或者设陷捕捉它们。Either you must improve your work or shall dismiss you．要么改进你的工作，否则我就解雇你。I was advised _____ for reservations． a．to either telephone or to write the hotel． b. either to telephone or to write the hotel c. that I should telephone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to telephone or write the hotel（答案 b．考研 '85．译文：他们建议我要么给旅馆打电话，要么给旅馆写封信预订房间。）
find
find ----- find后面可以跟带现在分词、过去分词、形容词或不定式 to be的复合结构作宾语；如果是不定式本身作宾语，要把不定式后移，用形式宾语 it填补其位置：He was found dying／dead／injured．人们发现他快死了／已经死了／受了伤。We found（him to be／that he was）the right man for the job．我们发现他是做这项工作的合适人选。I found to answer all the questions within the time given． a. no possibility b．there was impossibility c. impossible d. it impossible（答案d．考研'80．译文：我发现在限定的时间内回答所有那些问题是不可能的。）（find上面的用法考试频度也很大）
for
for ---- 1．"for all""尽管"：all our kindness to help her，Sara refused to listen to us． a. At b. For c. In d. On（答案b．考研'92．译文：尽管我们好心要帮助她，但萨拉不肯听我们的。）There may be mistakes occasionally，but for all that，it is the best book on the subject．书中也许偶而有些错误，但尽管如此它仍不失为论述这个问题的最好的书。
2．"but for"／"if it weren't for""若不是，若没有"（用在虚拟语气中）：But for your help we should not have finished in time．若没有你的帮助，我们就不能按时完成。Had it not been for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now．要不是你懒，你现在可能会完成任务了。（注：在这个句式中，按正常语序谓语可以用缩合形式计 it weren't for或 if it hadn't been for，但若使用倒装语序时，不能将缩合的 weren't／hadn't放在句首，如不能说 Weren't it for／Hadn't it been for，而必须说 Were it not for／had it not been for．）
3．for作连词，表示"因为，由于"，多用于书面语中，引导的从句不能放在主句前面，它引导的 原因只是对主句所说的情况作出解释：Someone must have left the tap on，the water is running over and flooding the bathroom．a．therefore b．for c．nevertheless d． moreover（答案b．考研'84．译文：一定是谁忘记了关水龙头，瞧，水溢了出来，洗澡间到处是水。）
4．for用在带逻辑主语的不定式的结构中一for there to be／for it to be：It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. a．not to be b．it not to be c．there to be not d．there not to be（答案 d．译文：对这项建议若没有任何反对, 那反倒是奇怪的。）For there ______ successful communication，here must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present．a．is b．to be c．will be d. being（答案 b．考研'96．译文：为了进行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必须聚精会神地参加讨论。）（注：在there be句型中，虽然真正的主语是后面的名词，但在语法结构上习惯上把there看作结构主语，所以用介词 for引导带逻辑主语的不定式时要把there看作逻辑主语，因此把there is变为带逻辑主语的不定式时应说 for there to be，这和把 I do sth变为不定式时应说 for me to do sth的道理是一样的。在这个句式中还要注意如何把 It is time变为由 for引导的不定式。如果要说"现在该吃药了"，用英语应说 It is time to take medicine。但如果要说"他在等到该吃药的时间再吃药"，就应说 He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine。）
given（that）
given（that）一"在有……的情况下；如果有……；假定……；考虑到……"：Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year．如果健康状况良好，我希望今年完成这项工作。I'd come and see you in Austria，given the chance．如果有机会，我就到奥地利来看你。Given their inexperience／that they are inexperienced，they've done a good job．考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作还是做得不错的。（given的这一用法考试频度也很大）
good/point/sense/use
good/point/sense/use ----注意这几个名词在下面句型中的用法："It is no good -ing"表示"……没有用处"：It's no good my arguing with you．和你争论没有用。There is no good in -ing； What's the good of-ing？
have
have十复合结构 ---- have sb do sth；have sb／sth－lug；have sth done（have的这种用法考试频度也很大）：They'11 have you if you don't pay your taxes．a．to be arrested b． arrest c．arrested d．being arrested（答案 c．CET－6'91／6．译文：如果你不纳税，他们将要逮捕你。）I didn't understand what the teacher said，and had him explain it again to me．我不懂老师说的意思，我又让他给我解释了一遍。
in that…
in that… ----此为复合连词，相当于 because引导的原因状语从句，考试频度极大，在四六级和考研试题中几乎每年都有一题，如 1995年三个试题中均考了该题：Liquids are like solids _____ they have a definite volume．a．with that b．for that c．in that d．at that（答案。 CET－4'95／6．译文：液体与固体一样，它们也有确定的体积。）Britain's press is unusual _____ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper：the quality press and the popular press． a．in how b．in what c．in which d．in that（答案 d．CET－6'95／6．译文：英国报纸很不寻常，因为它分为截然不同的两大类：严肃报纸和通俗报纸。）Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.a．so that b．but that c．in that d．provided that（答案c．考研'95．译文：氢是宇宙间最基本的元素，因为它提供生成其它元素的建筑模块。）
the instant/the moment
the instant/the moment+从句 ---相当于as soon as "一……（就）"：She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.她必定是在我一把抓起电话时就奔了出去。You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil．你一踏上外国国土就得像个客人的样子。
just as…，so…
just as…，so… ----"正如……一样，……也……"：Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一样．我也不喜欢他的妻子。Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handing of his words. a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．译文：正如建筑工人砌砖技术拥熟一样，有经验的作家在用词作文章上也有高超的技艺。）Just as the soil is part of the earth， the atmosphere．a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）
know better than（to do）
know better than（to do） ----be wise or experienced enough not to do sth很懂得……不会……／不该（做某事）（根据张道真教授的（现代英语用法词典）的解释，than后面的不定式多带to，但有时可以省略）：You ought to know better than to stay away from school.你应懂得不该逃学．He knew better than to mention the subject to her．他很明智而没有向她提起这件事。Tom _____ better than to ask Dick for help．a．shall know b．shouldn't know c．has known d．should have known（答案 d．CET－6'91／6．译文：汤姆应懂得不该向迪克请求帮助。）
less
less ----用在下面成语中：even／much／still less"更不用说，更别提"（用在否定的陈述句之后）：The baby can't even walk，much less run．那婴儿连走路都不会，更别说跑了。I can't run a hundred yards，even less a mile．我连一百码都跑不了，更别说跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics，and of chemistry． a．even more b．still less c．no less d．still more（答案b．考研'91．译文：他对数学几乎一窃不通，更别提化学了。）
30、lest ----"唯恐，免得"（从句谓语多用 should，有时可用动词原形）：They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard．他们低声交谈，生怕别人听见了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way．司机认真地检查了一遍发动机，免得半路上出毛病。
let alone
let alone ----"更别提"（多用于否定句之后，与 even／much／still less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我从未见过他，更谈不上同他谈话了。The baby can't even walk, let alone run.那婴儿连走路都不会，更谈不上跑了。（注：let alone后面可以跟名词、动词不定式或分词，这取决于它所要强调的部分与前一句中所要对比的那一部分的语法结构，它们必须处于同一语法结构层次。）
most
most ----most可以直接修饰可数名词复数，名词前不用冠词修饰，表示泛指，如 most students"大多数学生"；如果要特指某些学生中的大多数，就要用most of结构，并且名词前面一般要用定冠词修饰，如most of the students in my class；注意这样用时，most前面没有冠词，不说 the most of the students。另外，most不能直接与代词或由物主代词修饰的名词连用，不能说most they／most their students或 their most students；而必须用，most of结构，像 most of them，most of her arguments。
some/any
some/any ----与 most的用法类似，可以说 some advice／students；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不说 some they，some his arguments或some the students。any也适用于这种情况。
all／each
all／each ----与 most／some／any的用法有些区别：all可以直接修饰带或不带定冠词的可数或不可数名词以及由物主代词修饰的名词，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；但不能直接放在代词前面，如不能说 all they，all it；但可以用 all of结构限定代词，如 all ofthem; all虽不能放在代词前面修饰代词，但可以放在代词后面作代词的同位语，如We all did it; He helped us all;（但谓语是 be动词时，all要放在 be后面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修饰不带冠词的可数名词单数，如 each student；但不能直接修饰代词、由物主代词或定冠词修饰的可数名词单数，如不能说 each they，each his book，each the student；而必须用 each of结构，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在复数名词或代词后面，如 The students/They each took a share。
much
much ----much多用于否定句或疑问句中，如 There is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large quantity of，a good deal of；但当 much作主语的一部分或与how／too／so／as连用时常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面几个与much相搭配的习惯说法。
1.not much of a… 一 not a very good…"不是一个很好的……"：It wasn't much of a dinner．
2．"too much of a…（to do sth）"一"太……（而不……）'：He is _____ coward to speak the truth．a．too much of a b．too much a c．o much a d．so much of a（答案 a．考研'89．译文：他是个十足的胆小鬼，不敢讲真话。）
3．"much as十从句"一 although"虽然，尽管"；Much as hate to do it，I must stay home and study tonight．尽管我不喜欢，但是今天晚上我必须呆在家里学习。
4．"as much as"一"同样（程度）地"：The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ______ its soils and the water of its lakes，rivers and oceans．a．are b．is c．do d． has（答案a．CET．6'90／1．译文：正如土壤和湖、河和海洋里的水是地球的一部分一样，大气层同样也是地球的一部分。）Give me as much again．再给我那么多。
5．not so much as／without so much as一"连……都没有'：He didn't so much as thank me for returning his money found．我把捡到的钱还给他，他连说声谢谢都没有。He left without so much as saying goodbye.他连说声再见都没有就走开了。
6．"not so much A as B"一"与其说 A，不如说B"：Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it．与其说各大洋把地球分割开来，还不如说是把地球联成一个整体。
7．"much less"一（用在否定句后）"更不用说"：I didn't even speak to him, much less discuss your problems with him.我连话都不跟他说，再不用说跟他一起讨论你的问题了。
must have done sth
must have done sth ----用于以肯定的语气推断过去必定发生了某事（常考句型）：My pain____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:"Are you feeling all right?" a．must be b．had been c．must have been d．had to be（答案 c．考研'96．译文：我的疼痛一定很明显，因为我遇到的第一个人就同情地问我："你不要紧吧？"）
no more than
no more than ----1.用于"no more than+钱数/名词"，"仅仅，只，只不过"，表示说话者认为太少，不满意：He gave me no more than＄10．他只给我 10美元。He is no more than a puppet．他只不过是个傀儡。
2."no more…than"；。"not any more than""A像B一样不……；A和B一样都不…"：He is no more a god than we are．（或）He is not a god any more than we are．他和我们一样都不是神。（注：这种表现法是为加强than前面的否定而用的，than后面的文句表面上看是肯定句，起含义实属否定。一般说来，than后面的文句所陈述的事实是显而易见的或是常识，以此来衬托说明前面亦染。）再如：He can not effect the impossible any more than we can．不可能的事情我们做不到，他和我们一样也做不到。The heart is intelligent than the stomach，for they are both controlled by the brain．a．not so b．not much c．much more d．no more（答案 d．考研'94．译文：心脏和胃一样都没有智力，它们都是由大脑控制的。）与 no more… than意思相反的结构是 no less…than"不亚于，与……同样好"：Sunlight is ______ necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition of body．a．less b．no less much d．no more（答案 b．译文：阳光与新鲜空气一样对维持身体健康同样必要。）
no other than／none other than
no other than／none other than ----用于强调，表示惊奇，"不是别人而正是……"：The stranger was none other than my old friend John.那位陌生人不是别人，正是我的老朋友约翰。（注：none other than用在以人作主语的句子中，no other than主要用在It is…的强调句中，但none other than也可用在强调句中。）如：It is no other than/none other than old Mr．Smith．那正是史密斯老先生。
not that…，but that…
not that…，but that… ----"并非因为…，而是因为…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.并非约翰不愿意帮助你，而是因为他无能为力。
not just…，but rather
not just…，but rather ----"不仅仅…而主要是…"：Everyone works several hours each day． The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work．人人每天都工作几小时，其目的不仅仅是为了不闲着，而是为了在工作中找到生活的意义和快乐。
now that…
now that… ----"既然，由于"： ____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. a．For now b．Now that c．Ever since d．By now（答案 b．CET－4'90／1．译文：既然我们已完成功课，我们就开始再做些复习吧。）＿ we have all the materials ready，we should begin the new task at once．a．Since that b．Since now c．By now d．Now that（答案 d．考研 89．译文：既然我们已备齐了材料，我们就立刻开始新的任务吧。）（注：nowthat引导的从句所陈述的必须是现在的事实或已经发生的事实；若尚未发生，需改用 since／as引导，如不能说 Now that he won't come，let's have our meeting now，而必须将这句话中的 now that改为 since／as才可以。now that的考试频度也很大。）
on／upon
on／upon ----1．"on十动名词（或表示动作意义的名词）"，该结构表示此动作一发生，句子谓语的动作就接着发生，可译为"-……（就……）"：_____ my return, I learned that Prof. Smith had been at the museum and would not be back for several hours．a．At b．On c．With d．During（答案b．考研'91．译文：我一回来，就听说史密斯教授去博物馆了，几个小时以后才回来。）2．"on+（表示动作意义的）名词"，这一结构所表达的意思相当于与该名词同源的动词的现在分词，表示"正在……"（注意名词前要用定冠词，一般来说与这种名词同源的动词是不及物动词）：The production is on the decline（一 declining）．生产在下降。常见的与 on搭配的名词有： on the increase; on the decrease; on the run; on the rise; on the boil; on the move; on the watch等。
only
only ----1．"only too十形容词（或过去分词）"（＝very），表所"非常"：I shall be only too pleased to come．能来我非常高兴。The news was only too true.这消息太好了（不可能是真的）。与only too搭配的形容词常见的有：pleased/ready／willing／glad／happy等。
2．"if only"引导虚拟条件句，表示"但愿，要是……就好了"：If only he would stop talking!他要是停止说话就好了！If only I had followed your advice!我要是听你的话就好了！
3."only that"（=but that）"只是，要不是"：I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy.
4."only to-V"用在谓语动词后，表示后来发生了事先没有料到的事情（这一用法也常考）：After twenty years abroad, William came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake. We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away.
5."not only…but also""不仅…而且"(not only放在句首时需要用倒装句；另外要注意not only…but also引导的成分要对等)：Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.
rather
rather ---- 1."would/had rather…than"或"rather than…would"表示"宁愿…而不愿"：She would rather have the small one than the large one. He would rather be liked than (be) feared. Rather than refuse to help you, I'd borrow money from my bank. We ourselves would rather have left on the 8th, but we didn't leave till the 12th. I'd rather you ______ those important documents with you. A. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take (答案d. CET-6'93/6.)(注：如果would rather只涉及主语的选择或爱好时，后面可直接跟动词原形或不定式完成式；than前后连接的两个成分要对等，可以是不定式或名词；would rather后面动词的施动者若不是句子主语本身而是另一个人时，后面需用从句，从句谓语用虚拟语气，即用一般过去时表示与现在的事实相反或很难实现的愿望；用过去完成时表示与已经发生的事实相反的愿望。在托福考试中，从句谓语还可以用动词原形，用动词原形仅仅表示一种愿望，如：We would rather that he take this train．我们倒希望他乘这趟火车走。)
2．"rather than"或"rather…than""是……而不是……；应……而不应……;宁愿……而不愿……：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction．He ran rather walked．This is rather for father to decide than for you．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style． a．rather than b．other than c．better than d．less than（答案 a．考研'95．）Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _____ harm them. A. more than b. other than c. rather than d. better than（答案c. CET－4'93／6．译文：发展核科学应造福于人民而不是有害于人民。）
3．"or rather""更确切些说"（用于更正前面说的话）：He arrived very late last night，or rather in the early hours this morning.他昨天很晚．更确切些说是今天凌晨才到达。
same
same（adj．）----"同样的，相同的" the same…that／as""和……一样"（注：that和 as都可以引导定语从句，有时可以换用；但如果从句省略了谓语动词时则只能用as而不能用that。如果定语从句修饰的是人、时间和地点时，连词 that还可以用 who／when/where(代替)：He uses the same books that/as you do/as you.他用的书和你用的一样。Put the book back in the same place where you found it．你在哪里发现的这本书，还把它放回原地。The price is the same as before the war.物价与战前一样。（这里的as不能换用that）
say
say（vt.）---- l．"sb／sth is said to have done sth"＝It's said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth."据说某人／某物做了某事"（注："be said to十不定式完成式"表示这个动作在谓语动词的动作发生之前已经完成，不定式完成也可以用被动态。这是常考句型。）：The building is said _____ (destroy) in a fire two years ago.（考研'81．答案：由时间状语 two years ago可以判定destroy的动作发生在谓语动作之前，又由于大楼是被烧毁的，所以应用不定式完成式被动态，因此应把destroy变为 to have been destroyed）
2．"to say nothing of"---（用在肯定句后）"更不用说，还不说"：The effort required is immense，to say nothing of the cost．要求付出的努力是巨大的，更不用说花费了。
so
so ---1．"not so十形容词／副词十as"：It was not so easy as all that.并不那么容易。It did not take so long as he had feared.并不像他害怕的那样费那么长时间。He was not so much angry as disappointed．他很生气，但更失望。
2．so十形容词十可数名词单数：I've never seen so beautiful child．我从未见过这样英俊的孩子。（注：该句型相当于 such a十形十名词，但比后者更文气些。）
3．"so十形容词+as＋to-V"：Would you be so kind as to help me？劳驾帮帮忙好吗？We'11 be much obliged if you will be so kind suggestions for improvement of our work. a．to make b．as making c．making d．as to make（答案 d．译文：如果你能提出改进我们工作的建议，我们将非常感激。）He is not so stupid as to do that．他不会傻到竟然去做那种事情。
4. "not so much as"---"连……都没有"：He didn't so much as ask me to sit down．他竟然连请我坐下都没有。
5．so as to --- 以便：I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.我很快就将一切准备好了，以便不让你久等。so用在肯定的陈述句之后引导倒装省略句，表示"也同样：John had been working hard and so had his brother．约翰一直很用功，他弟弟也是这样。
something of a…
something of a… ---"可说是个；某种程度上的"（语气上多少带点贬义）：He's something of a liar，don't you think？他不太老实，你说不是吗？I'm something of a carpenter．我能做些木工活。
soon
soon ----1. no sooner…than --- 一……就；刚…便（注：no sooner放在句首时需要用倒装语句，这是常考句型）：No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ___＿ we all sat down to rest．a．when b．then c．than d．until(答案c．CET4'91/6．译文：我们一到达山顶就坐下来休息了。)
2."would (just) as soon…(as)" ---"宁愿"： I would (just) as soon stay at home (as go for a walk).我倒宁愿呆在家里。I'd just as soon ______ rudely to her a. that you won't speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn't speak（答案d．考研'81．译文：我倒希望你不要对她说话不礼貌。）（注：would just as soon后面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气一般过去时。）
3."would sooner…than" --- "宁愿…而不愿"：He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.他宁肯辞职而不愿参与这类不诚实的交易。
such
such --- "这样的，这种的；那么的，如此程度的"：such people as these; people such as these像这样的一类人；such poets as Keats and Shelley; poets such as Keats and Shelley像基茨和雪莱那样的诗人（注：such as用于举例时后面不能再用 etc．／and so on之类的词语，如不能说such as Keats and Shelley，etc．）"such as to＋inf．／such（…）that""这样的……以致／以便"：Your stupidity is such as to fill me with despair．你是这样的愚钝，使我很失望。His illness is not such as to cause anxiety．他的病还没有严重到引起忧虑的程度。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．他从不犹豫提出对别人有益的批评。It wasn't such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. a. that b. which c. as d. what（答案。CET4'90／1．译文：那并不是她曾答应我们的那样一顿美餐。）（注：在上面两句中 as是关系代词。）His behavior was such／Such was his behavior that everyone disliked him．他的行为如此糟糕，大家都不喜欢他。"such as it is／as they are"---"尽管不怎么样（质量不高或价值不大）"：You can use my bicycle，such as it is．你可以用我的自行车，虽然不太好。Jane told her grandmother her grades, such as they were.简把她的成绩告诉了她奶奶，虽然成绩不怎么好。"as such"---（指前面刚刚提到的）"作为这样一个人／物"，such作代词：He is a child，and must be treated as such．他是个孩子，必须作为孩子对待他。He is the master and as such must be obeyed．他是主人，因此必须服从他。
than
than ----后面可以跟一个省略主语而只保留系词和表语的省略句，这种句式常考：We often advise him not to drink more wine _____ is good for his health． a．as b．but c．that d．than（答案d．CET6'93／6．译文：我们常常劝告他喝酒不要超过有益于身体健康的程度。（than后面省略了 it）（注：1995年6月的六级题中也有一道类似的题。）The protect requires more labour than because it is extremely difficult． a．has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in（答案a.考研'92．译文：此项工程要求投入的比已经投入的更多的劳动，因为工程极其困难。）（这里than后面省略了what）There were more casualties than was reported（＝than it was reported there were）．实际伤亡人数要比报道的多。There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today． a．exists b．exist c．existing d．existed（答案a．考研'95．译文：对于当今存在于公众头脑中的可能会得癌症的忧虑应当减少。）（这里than后面可看作是省略了what。）
that
that ---1．作为代词，为避免重复，代替前面提到过的特指不可数名词：By 1990，production in the area is expected to double _____ of 1980. a．that b．it c．one d．what（答案a．CET－6'90／1．译文：到1990年该地区的产量可望比1980年翻一番。）（这里that代替前面的名词 the production。）The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half ______. a．of last year's b．those of last year's c．of those of last year d. that of last year's（答案d．考研'96．译文：已登记参加今年马拉松赛的人数比去年少了一半.）（这里 that代替 the number。）
2．作关系代词引导定语从句：在由形容词最高级／the only／the same／any／every／no等修饰的名词后面的定语从句和在any thing/nothing／every everything／much／all等后面的定语从句，多用关系代词that而不用 which或 who：Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived．牛顿是有史以来最伟大的人物之一。He is the only man that can do it．他是惟一能做此事的人。She wore the same dress that she did at Mary's wedding.她穿着在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一件衣服。Any boy that wants to play can do so．任何想玩（游戏）的孩子都可以玩。I never have taken anything that didn't belong to me．我从未拿过任何不属于我的东西。He had nothing left that he could pawn．他再也没有什么可以典当的东西了。He had read without discrimination everything that he happened to come across.他不加选择地读了他所能得到的一切书。Much that have read has been nonsense．我读过的不少东西都是无聊的废话。Once they had fain， fortune，secure futures； _____ is utter poverty. A. now that all is left b．now all which is left c. now all that is left d. now all what is left(答案c. CET6 '91/6.译文：他们曾有过名气、富贵、可靠的未来，而现在所剩下的一切就只有赤贫了。)All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life． a．what is needed b．for our needs c．the thing needed d．hat is needed（答案 d．CET4'90／1．译文：现在所需要的就是不断提供最基本的生活必须品。）
3．作连词引导主语从句（注：that引导的主语从句一般后置，用形式主语it代替，但特别要注意放在句首的主语从句的用法）： ____ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages. a．That the sun and not the earth b．Being the sun and not the earth c．It is the sun and not the earth d．The sun and not the earth（答案a．CET6'93／6．译文：是太阳而不是地球是我们星系的中心这一概念在中世纪是难以理解的。）
4．作连词引导目的、结果、程度状语从句：They have died that liberty might live．他们牺牲了为的是自由可以生存。（作目的状语，此处实际上是省略了 so）What was the matter with the fellow that he looked o happy？那人怎么了，他显得这么高兴？（结果状语）He was so embarrassed that he could not speak to her．他是那么地窘迫，他对她说不出话来。（程度状语）
5．作副词修饰形容词或别的副词，表示"那么，那样，这么"，有时前面再用all加以强调，如 （all）that far，that good，that clever，that careless，that much，that high，that angry，that ill，that well等等（这一用法也常考）：I won't pay $20 for the coat； It's not worth _______. a．all that much b．that much all．that all much d．much all that（答案 a．考研'88．译文：我不会花 20美元去买那件大衣，它决不值那么多钱。）After having gone _____ far，George did not want to turn back． a．enough b．much c．such d．that（答案 d．考研'92．译文：乔治已经走了那么远了，不愿意再折回了。）
6．用于连词短语"in that"中，表示"因为"和复合连词"now that"中，请参见上面相应的词条。
under
under十名词 ----（注：这个名词须是表示动作意义的名词，前面不用冠词，这个结构相当于与该名词同源的及物动词的进行式被动态，under repair－being repaired ； under discussion＝being discussed；under criticism＝being criticized等等，The survival of civilization as we know it is _____ threat. a．within b．towards c．under d．upon（答案 c．CET4'95／6．译文：我们所熟知的文明的生存正在受到威胁。）其它这类短语还有：under construction"在建设中"；under fire"遭到炮火射击"；（或）"受到批评"；under examination"受到审查"；under control"受到控制"；under suspicion"受到怀疑"；under detention"在拘留中"；under consideration"在考虑中"; under study"在研究中"；under review"在审查中"；under investigation"在调查中'等等。
used to (do)与be used to (sth)的区别
used to (do)与be used to (sth)的区别：used to（do）----这里的 used只用过去时，表示"过去常常……（但现在已不这样了）"；否定式是used not（或缩合式use(d)n't,也可以用didn't use(d)；疑问句可用Used (sb) to do或Did (sb) use to do…？：I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.我在他那个年龄时常爱写诗。They used to play golf，didn't／use（d）n't they？他们过去常爱打高尔夫球，是不是？She didn't use(d) to do it, did/used she？她过去不常做这个，对吧？Used you to know him/Did you use to know him?你过去对他熟悉吗？There used to be some trees in this field，use（d）n't／didn't there？过去这块农田里有一些树，是不是？（比较下面两句的差异：①I Don't swim as much as I used to.我现在不如过去那么经常游泳厂。 (2) Life isn't so easy here as it used to be．现在这里的生活不如过去容易。（注：①句的主动词是行为动词 swim，省略句中只保留不定式符号to，省略掉动词swim及所带成分，而 (2)句的主动词是系词be，在省略句中只能省略be后面的表请部分,be不能省略，这一点要注意。）be／get used to（doing）sth ---"习惯于……"（注：这里的 to是介词，不是不定式符号）：He's quite used to hard work／to working hard．他习惯于勤奋工作。You will soon _____ this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you. a. get used to b. get to c. get over d. get on with（答案 a．考研'84．译文：你不久就可以适应这里的气候了,那时温度的变化就不会对你造成影响了。）
what
what ----引导名词从句，可以作主语、宾语和表语（这也是常考句型）：In some countries, _____ is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people．a．which b. one c．that d．what（答案d．CET4'95／6．译文：在有些国家，所谓的"平等"并不真正意味着所有人都享有平等的权利。（what名词从句作主语。）Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy，from which most of present－day science arose． a．that b．what c．all d. which（答案 b．CET6'93／6．译文：物理学是过去通常被称作自然哲学的当今的对应词，大部分当今的自然科学均产生于此。）（what名词从句作介词宾语。）Water will continue to be ____ it is today ---next in importance to oxygen． a．how b．which c．as d．what（答案d．考研'92．译文：水将继续是今天的样子，其重要性仅次于氧气。）（what名词从句作表语。）
whether
whether ----引导间接疑问句或带to不定式作宾语；引导从句时，如果不发生误解，口语中可与if换用，但若从句放在句首或作介词宾语时，不能换用if；引导不定式时也不能换用if；若与or连用引导两个间接疑问句时， or后面需重复 whether；whether引导的从句除作宾语外，还可作主语、表语、同位语和让步状语：I don't know whether／if you like flowers．我不知道你是否喜欢鲜花。This is certainly the case but whether it is a defect or not I don't quite know.情况当然是这样，但这是不是一个缺陷，我不太清楚。（此句不能换用价 It all depends on whether we can get their co-operation．这完全取决于我们能否得到他们的合作。（不能换用if）I don't know whether to accept or refuse．我不知道该接受或是该拒绝。（不能换用if，第二个不定式符号 to可以省略）I wonder whether we shall be in time for the last bus or whether we shall have to walk home．不知道我们是否可以赶上最后一趟公共汽车，或者我们将不得不步行回家。（这是两个并列从句，or后需重复 whether）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen．这到底对我们有害处或是有好处，尚有待观察。（作主语）His firs question was whether Holmes had arrived yet．他的第一个问题就是赫尔姆斯是否已到达。（作表语）She was in bitter doubt whether she was right．她非常怀疑她是否对。（作同位语） Whether we go or whether we stay，the result is the same.不论我们是走还是留，结果都是一样的。（作状语）Whether from bravery or stubbornness，they did not give in．不管是出于勇敢还是由于顽固，他们没有屈服。（作状语）
with
with十复合结构 ---- With后面可跟带现在分词、过去分词方。不定式和介词短语等各种复合结构，有时称为 with独立结构，作状语，表示原因、方式或伴随状态：I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill．由于我母亲有病，我将不能去度假。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.他锁门闭户在家整整工作了一个下午。I can't go out with all These dishes to wash．我有这么多碗碟要洗，我出去不了啦。He was asleep with his head on his arms．他在那里睡着了，头枕在双臂上。With John away，we've got more room．约翰不在家，我们就宽松多了。
worth
worth ----作形容词，可表示"值…钱，相当于……价值的"；"值得……的"（注：worth作形容词只用于作表语，它后面跟动名词形式实际相当于该动词的被动态）：It's not worth more than two pounds．它最多值两英镑。The book is well worth reading．这本书很值得一读。As your instructor advised，you ought to spend your time on something ______ researching into． a. precious b. worth c. worthy d. valuable（答案 b．考研'94．译文：正大你的老师建议的那样，你应该把时间花在值得进行研究的东西上。）
worthwhile
worthwhile ----"值得（花时间）做的，有价值的"：a worthwhile experiment值得做的实验；The visit to Pairs was worthwhile．到巴黎的参观是值得的。The effort seemed worthwhile to French decision－makers．这种努力对法国的决策者们来说似乎是值得的。They did not find ______ to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet． a．worth their while b．it worthwhile c. it worth d. it worthy（答案 b．考研'84．译文：他们认为不值得为他们可能会遇到的最坏情况作准备。）（注：worthwhile还可以分开写成 worth while，分开写时后面可跟不定式或动名词：It's not worth while to lose/losing your temper.不值得生气。）
worthy of
worthy of ----"值得的，配得上的"；"有优点的，值得尊敬的"（注：worthy可以作定语修饰名词；作表语，后面多跟of；但根据张道真的（现代英语用法词典）P．546所引例句，后面还可跟不定式）：live a worthy life过有意义的生活；a most worthy young man一位非常有出息的年轻人；the worthy poor值得尊敬的穷人；a worthy winner配得上的胜利者；He is a teacher worthy of great respect．他是个非常值得尊敬的老师。She is not worthy to talk to a man like you．她不配与你这样的人谈话。（注：要注意worth、worthy和worthwhile三词的具体含义和习惯搭配，它们的考试频度较大。）
动名词的用法
1．只能跟动名词作宾语的常见动词有：suggest，finish，avoid、mind，enjoy，quit，postpone，delay，practise，fancy，imagine，consider，deny，escape，miss，risk，confess（to），admit（to），appreciate，involve，favour，save，resent，survive等。见下例：
(1)He avoided giving us a definite answer．
(2)I enjoy working with you．
(3)Would you mind filling out this form？
(4)I appreciate ______ to your home．
a．to be invited b．to have invited
c．having invited d．being invited（答案 d．CET4'91／6．）（注：want，need，require， deserve，demand等属另一类动词，如果以事物作主语时表示"需要"，后面要求跟动名词，这种动名词在 形式上是主动态，实际上表达的是被动态的意思。）见下例：
(5)The floor requires washing．
(6) Your hair wants cutting．
(7)The garden needs watering．（注：need后面既可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式被动态，表达的意思相 同，如 The garden needs to be watered．）另外，advise，recommend，allow，permit，forbid等动 词后面既可以直接跟动名词作宾语（如 advise starting early tomorrow），也可以跟带不定式的复合 结构（如 advise sb to do sth）。见下例：
(8)The teacher doesn't permit ______ in class．
a．smoke b．to smoke c．smoking d．to have a smoke（答案 c．CET4'91/6．）（注：如果 permit后 面需跟以人作宾语的词，就需将该句改为：The teacher doesn't permit anybody to smoke in class． ）
(9)I recommend (your) buying/you to buy this dictionary.（可以使用由物主代词限定的动名词作宾语 ）
2．要求跟动名词作宾语的短语动词和成语很多，常见的有：amount to"意味着，等于是说"；feel like"很想"；go on"继续"；aim at"旨在"；keep on"继续"；set about"开始，着手"；insist on"坚持要"；succeed in"成功地做……"；persist in"坚持（做）"；dream of"梦想"；object to"反对"； approve of"赞成"； refrain from"克制不做"；look forward to"期待着"；depend on"依赖于"；give up"放弃"；see to"处理，负责（做）"；fall to"开始（做）"；leave off"停下"；take to"变得喜欢"；put off"推迟"；participate in"参加"；come close to"几乎，差点"； join ill"参加"；suspect sb of"怀疑某人……"；excuse sb from"原谅某人……"； accuse sb of"指控某人……"；excuse sb from"允许某人不做…"；change sb with"控告某人……"；spend time…"花时间做……"；when it comes to…"至于，谈到"；waste time…"做……是浪费时间"；set one's heart/mind on…"决意要……"。见下例：
(1)He insisted on doing it in his own way．
(2)I've been looking forward to coming to China for a long time．
(3)The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court．a．objected to having b．were objected to have c．objected to have d．were objected to having（答案 a．CET4'91／6．object为不及物动词，后面要求跟介词to十名词或动名词，不能跟不 定式，也没有被动态。）
(4)My father has taken to playing the golf at the weekends．
3．后面要求限动名词的形容词／过去分词十介词结构，常见的有：fond of"喜爱"；good at"擅长于"；sick of"厌烦"；proud of"为……感到骄傲"；keen on"热望于"；responsible for"对……负责"； capable of"能够"； afraid of"害怕"；thirsty for"渴望"； tired of"对……厌烦"；interested in"对……感兴趣"；ashamed of"自惭于"；engaged in"忙于"；opposed to反对；accustomed to"习惯于"；given to"喜欢，常爱"；reduced to"到了……境地"；bent on"一心要"；get used to"习惯于"。见下例：
(1)They are all opposed to putting the meeting off．
(2)I am proud of being a member of the Chinese Communist Party．
(3)Is there any place you're particularly keen on visiting?
(4)Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？
虚拟语气的用法
句子谓语需用动词原形的情况
虚拟语气考试的频度非常大。虚拟语气主要分为两大类：谓语使用动词原形的情况及使用过去时或过去 完成时的情况。
1．句子谓语需用动词原形的情况
1）英语中有些表示愿望、建议、命令、要求的动词的宾语从句的谓语需用
should十动词原形， 美国英语多用动词原形，英国英语可用动词原形或用 should十动词原形两种形式。
这些常用动词包括：suggest，propose，recommend，order，demand command request，require，insist，desire，ask，
urge，advise，move（提动议），prefer，determine，resolve，decide，vote，arrange.
这些动词变为被动态时，从句谓语仍需用虚拟式。见下例：
(1)Mary insisted that John come．
(2)We desire that the tour leader _____ us immediately of any change in plans．
a. inform b. informs c．informed d．has informed（答案a．CET4'93/6.）
(3)Congress has decided that the present law be maintained．
(4)My father did not go to New York ； the doctor suggested that he _____ there．
a. not go b. hadn't gone c. not to go d. wouldn't go（答案a．CET6）
(5)They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.
(6)They requested that we（should）send a delegation to their country．
(7)We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution．
（注： prefer的宾语从句谓语多用 should十动词原形，也可直接用动词原形。）
(8)It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made.
a．not be started b．will not be started
c．Is not started d．Is not to be started （答案a.CET4'95／6．）
(9)It was arranged that they leave the following week．
(10) It is。quested．that John（should）give a performance at the party．
与这些动词同源的名词的同位语从句或表语从句的谓语动词也需用虚拟语气。
与这些动词相应的名词有： suggestion／proposal／recommendation／order／demand／
request／requirement／insistence／desire／ advice／motion（动 议）／determination／
resolution／decision/preference／arrangement等。见下例：
(1)He gave orders that the work（should）be started at once．
(2)Everyone was tired，so Bill got up and made a motion that the meeting be adjourned．
(3)Presently he made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in French．
2）在一些形容词后面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气。
英语中有些表示必要性、重要性、愿望、建议、惊异、遗憾、要求等意思的形容词，
在 It is十形容词十 that从句结构中，从句谓语需用虚拟式。
这些常用的形容词有：necessary／important／vital／essential／
imperative/urgent/appropriate/preferable/
natural/strange/amazing/desirable/advisable/incredible；
以及以人作主语的形容词 desirous/insistent/sorry/sad/surprised等和名词pity／necessity／importance
等的同位语从句。见下例：
(1)It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once．
(2)It is important that we unite with all that can be united In the struggle．
(3)t was essential that the application forms back before the deadline．
a．must be sent b． would be sent c．be sent d．were sent（答案 c．CET4'90／1．）
(4)It is highly desirable that every effort be made to reduce expenditure．
(5)It is a great pity that he should be so conceited．
(6)It is a burning shame that little children should have to beg In street．
(7)It is of the utmost importance that you _____ here on time．
a．be b．shall be c．are to be d．must be（答案 a．CET6'95／6．）
(8)The president is strongly desirous that you should attend the meeting．
从句谓语需用过去时或过去完成时的情况
2．从句谓语需用过去时或过去完成时的情况
1）从句谓语用一般过去时的情况。
（1）It is（high）time sb did／was doing sth．
在这个句式中，从句谓语只能用一般过去时或过去进行时。见下例：
(1)It's time you went to bed．
(2)It's time we were setting out．Its time they were taught a lesson．
(3)It's time about the traffic problem down town．
a．nothing to be done b．anything will be done
c．everything is done d．something was done（答案 d．CET－6'93／6）
（2）would sooner/would (just) as soon（从句谓语多用一般过去时）
（would sooner = would prefer； would as soon = would be equally willing）见下例：
(1)I could go myself but I would sooner you went．
(2)I would just as soon you didn't go there．
2）从句谓语可用一般过去时和过去完成时。
（1）wish
wish表示的愿望往往与现在或过去的事实相反，或者是很难实现的愿望，因此其宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：
若表示的愿望与说话时存在的事实相反，宾语从句谓语用一般过去时，be动词多用were.
若表示的愿望是指未来，宾语从句谓语多用could/would/might do/be。
若表示的愿望与过去事实相反，或与已经发生的事实相反，宾语从句谓语需用过去完成时或could／would have done／been。（注意：不管 wish用一般现在时或过去时，上述规则不变。）见下例：
(1)I wish I were as strong as you．
(2)I wish I had paid more attention to my pronunciation.
(3)I wished he would try again．
(4)She wished sincerely that she might do something to comfort him．
(5)Monica wished she hadn't come．
(6)I wish longer this morning，but had to get up and come to class．
a．have dept b．slept c．might have slept d. could have slept（答案 d．CET－4'95／4）
（2）would rather that…
根据（Cliffs托福考试指南）（1983年版）P．100的讲解，would rather后面引导宾语从句的that不可省略。根据所要表达的不同意思，从句谓语可用一般过去时、过去完成时，还可用动词原形。用一般过去时，表达与现在事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表达与过去事实相反的愿望；用动词原形仅仅表示主句主语希望从句主语做某事的愿望。见下例：
(1)Henry would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department as he does．（事实是他的女朋友在另一个部门工作。）
(2)Tom would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday.（事实是杰克昨天没去上课。）
(3)We would rather that he take this train．（希望他乘坐这趟火车。）
（注：根据多年我国各种测试的情况看，似乎只考宾语从句谓语用一般过去时的情况，而且在没有给出上下文的情况下，把用动词原形视为错误，如1993年6月的CET－6第66题。）见下例：
(4)I'd rather you _____ those important documents with you．
a. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take（要求选d为正确答案）
（3）if only／Oh，that…！（表达一种强烈的愿望，用法同wish）见下例：
(1)If only he knew how we miss him！
(2)If could only see him once!
(3)Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _____ your advice!
a．follow b．had followed c. would follow d．have followed（答案 b．CET－4'93／6）
(4)Oh that could fly！
（4）as if/as though
如果表达的是与现在事实相反的情况，谓语用一般过去时；如果表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，谓语用过去完成时，而不管主句谓语用一般现在时或过去时。见下例：
(1)It seems as if it was/were spring already.
(2)They talked／are talking as if they had been friends for years．
（注：需要指出的是，并非所有由as if/as though引导的从句谓语均要用虚拟语气。如果 as if从句表达的意思是根据当时的事实或已经表现出的迹象判断是很可能已经发生或即将发生的事情，从句谓语就用陈述语气，根据句意从句谓语可用一般现在时、现在完成时或将来时。）见下例：
(1)It looks as if it's going to rain．（有可能下雨）
(2)He talks as if he has known everything．
(3)It tastes as if it is made of chocolate．
虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句）
3．虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句）
如果条件句所表达的是纯然假设的情况或是与事实完全相反的假设，或是发生的可能性极小，就称为虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句），分为下面三种情况：
虚拟将来：（从句）if…should/were to…，（主句）…would/could/might/should do/be
虚拟现在：（从句）if…did/were…，（主句）…would/could/might/should do/be
虚拟过去：（从句）if…had p．p…，（主句）…would／could／might／should have done／been
1）表示将来的虚拟条件句：谓语用 should十动词原形，表示以未来不太可能发生为假设；谓语也可用 were to，表示以未来绝对不会发生为假设。见下例：
(1)If I were to／should do it，I would do it in a different way．
(2)If they were to／should act like that again，we should criticize them severely．
2）与现在事实完全相反的假设或实现的可能性极小，从句谓语用一般过去时(be动词用were)，主句谓语用 would／could／might／should十动词原形。见下例：
(1)If had the time，I would certainly go．（but I don't have the time．）
(2)If were you，I would reconsider their proposal.（but I am not you．）
（注：以suppose/supposing和what if引导的从句，若特别强调假设的条件，可用虚拟语气）
(3)Suppose／Supposing your mends knew how you're behaving here，what would they think？
(4)"We will set out tomorrow．""What if it rained？"
3）与过去事实完全相反的假设，从句谓语用过去完成时，主句谓语用 would／could／might十完成式。见下例：
(1)If I had left a little earlier，I would have caught the train．
(2)I could have done better if I had been more careful．
(3)If he hadn't been ill，he might have come．
4）省略if的虚拟条件倒装句：在正式书面英语中，如果条件句中包含有助动词had／should和were时，可省略if，然后把它们置于从句主语之前。见下例：
(1)Had we made（=If we had made）adequate preparations，we might have succeeded．
(2)Should I go to university one day，I would study hard．
(3)Were it。t for（＝If it were not for）their assistance，we couldn't have got over the difficulties.
5）含蓄条件句
英语中有时假设的情况并非用if明确地表示出来，而是通过一定的词汇、句子结构、上下文或其它方式表示出来，这称为含蓄条件句。在这种条件句中，谓语也需用虚拟语气。可以引导含蓄条件句的有以下一些词汇和结构情况：
(1)We could have done better under more favourable conditions（= If conditions had been more favourable）．
(2)This change could not have taken place without a solid industrial foundation（= If the industrial foundation had been weak）．
(3)They reaped a yield twice as much as they would have done with local strains（=If they had used local strains）．
(4)That would have been considered miraculous in the past（= If it had taken place in the past）．
(5)He would have helped you，but he was so busy（= If he had not been so busy）．
(6)I was ill that day．Otherwise（=If I had not been ill that day）I would have taken part in the parade．
(7)He must have had an accident， or he _____ then．
a．would have been here b．had to be here c．should be here d．would be here（答案 a．CET－ 4'90／1）（or＝otherwise=if he had not had an accident）
(8)It was so quiet that you could have heard a pin drop.（= If a pin had dropped）
(9)Because we had no drugs that might have saved him，Dr．Bethune died of septicaemia（败血症 ）．（=If we had drugs we might have saved him．）
(10)The computer accomplished in an hour what it would have taken 1000 men a year to do．（=If the amount of work done by the computer in an hour had been done by hand，it would have taken 1000 men to accomplish．）
(11)It would be a mistake not to help him．（=if we didn't help him）
(12)I wouldn't have acted as he did．（＝if were him）
(13)Only a fool would believe that．（＝If you believed it，you would be a fool．）
(14)A less brave man wouldn't have dared to work in the enemy headquarters.（=If a man had been less brave，he wouldn't have dared to work…）
(15)Another person could not have done it．（=If another person had been assigned to do it，he could not have done it．）
(16)Anybody in his position would have done the same．
(17)Five minutes earlier，we could have caught the last train．
a. and b. but c. or d．so（答案a．CET－4'93／6）
（Five minutes earlier=If we had arrived five minutes earlier）
(18) ______ the flood，he ship would have reached its destination on time．
a．In case of b．In spite of c．Because of d．But for（答案 d．CET－6'90／1）
（but for the flood=if it had not been for the flood）（注：but for还可换用but that从句）
2.作关系代词，使用下面句型：1）"such…as"（as在此接近于who/that/which）：Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.汤姆认识的那些妇女都认为他长得很迷人。I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听说过他讲的那些故事。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．只要对别人有帮助，他从不犹豫提出这类批评。It wasn't such a good dinner she had promised us． a．that b．which c．as d．what（答案c．CET－4'90／1．译文：它并不是像她承诺我们的那样一顿美餐。）2）用在"the same…as"句型中：He doesn't believe the same things as you do．他不相信你相信的那些东西。（注：as的这一用法在OALD词典中被当作连词，但在张道真教授编的《现代英语用法词典》（重排本）P70中被当作关系代词，似乎后者更合理、更好理解些。）
3．用在"as＋be动词十表语"从句中，表不"正如"：He is absent，as is often the case．他正如通常那样又缺席了。Freddie，as might be expected，was attending the conference．正如可能预料的那样，弗雷迪当时正在出席会议。As was expected，he performed the task with success．正如预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。 ______ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a great American writer. a．That b．Which c．As d．It（答案 c．CET－4'93／6．译文：正如世人所知，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 _____ is generally accepted，economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production．a．What b．That c．It d．As（答案d．考研'95．译文：正如所公认的那样，经济增长是由生产的平 稳发展所决定的。）（注：as在这一句型中是连词还是关系代词也存在着争议，它在结构上更接近关系代词，但as与that／which不同，that／which引导的关系从句只能放在先行词后面，而as引导的从句不但可以放在主句的后面，还可以放在主句的前面。）
4．as用于省略句，为避免重复，as代替表语或宾语部分：David is tall，as are my brothers．像我的几个弟兄们一样，戴维也是个高个儿。（as are my brothers用的是倒装语序，正常语序应是 as my brothers are。）The Second World War，as did the earlier one of 1914，prompted public concern about a physical and Intellectual well－being of the country's human resources．第二次世界大战，正如早些时候1914年的那次一样，立即引起了公众对这个国家人力资源的身心健康的关注。
5．as用于省略句，引起分词短语作状语：As expected，the afforestation movement rapidly spread．正如预料的那样，植树造林运动迅速扩展开来。It usually happens as described above．它的发生通常如上面所描写的那样。He had failed to visit her as promised．他没有像他允诺的那样去看望她。His first novel"Night" was an account of the Nazi crimes ____ through the eyes of a teenaged boy．a．as seen b．which saw c．but was seen d．and were seen（答案a．选自六级样题．译文：他的第一部小说《夜》通过一个十几岁的男孩的眼睛描述了纳粹的罪行。）
6．用于as much…as；not so much… as"或"not so／as十形容词十as"句式中：He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted．他说，那里的局势并不像所描绘的那样糟。The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning．学校教育的伟大作用与其说是教给你东西，还不如说是教给你如何学习的技能。He is not so much a writer as a reporter．与其说他是位作家，还不如说他是个记者。They were expected to be models of virtue，honoured as much for their character as for their learning．人们期望他们成为美德的典范，不但因为他们的学识，而且因为他们的品德而受到敬重。
7．用于 as if/as though引导的省略句中：He paused as if expecting Lenny to speak．（as if后面跟现在分词）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼讲话一样。The boy turned， as if awakened from some dream。（后面跟过去分词）那男孩翻了翻身，好像从梦中醒来一样。He opened his mouth as if to speak something．（后面跟不定式）他张张口，好像要说些什么。He glanced as if in search of something．（后面跟介词短语）他瞟了一眼，好像在寻找什么东西一样。
8．用在"just as…，so…"结构中：Just as the soil is a part of the earth，＿_ the atmosphere． a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）（so is the atmosphere是倒装句。在"just as…，so…"句式中，so引导的主句常用倒装语序，尤其在主语特别长时更是如此，so代替被省略了的表语部分。）Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks， ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words．a．so b．as c．thus d．like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．译文：正如建筑工人砌砖郁闲熟的技艺一样，有经验的作家在用词做文章上也有高超的技艺。）
before
before一特别要注意before在下面几个例句中的用法，在这些例句中，before相当于and then，汉语常译为"然后；才"：I must finish my work before go home．我必须先把工作做完再回家。He had to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner．往往要叫他两三遍，他才肯过来吃饭。The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops．那个农夫决定把那些牛赶走，以免对庄稼造成更大的损害。It was several years before we met again．又过了好几年我们才又见了面。A man escaped from the prison last night．It was a long time the guards discovered what had happened． a．before b．until c．since d．when（答案 a．CET．4'93／6．译文：昨晚一个犯人从监狱逃跑了，过了好久警卫才发现发生了什么事。）Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since b. before c. after d. when (答案 b．CET．4'95／6．译文：科学家们说，可能还需要 5到 10年才能将这种药在病人身上作实验。（注：before的这一用法经常考试）
busy
busy -busy作表语时仅面可跟如下结构：busy with／at／over/-ing"忙于……"：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination． a．to prepare b．to be prepared c．preparing d．being prepared（答案 c．CET－4'93／6． 译文：琼昨天晚上没有时间去听音乐会，因为她在忙于准备考试。）We were busy （get）things ready for the trial production when he phoned us．（考研'80．答案：将get变为getting．译文：我们正为试生产而忙着做准备时，他打来了电话．）
but for
but for ----用于虚拟语气中，表示"若非"，相当于if not，后面跟名词；还可用 but that引导一个从句，陈述具体事实：_____ bed its destination on time. a．In case of b．In spite of c．Because of d．But for（答案 d．CET－6'90／1．译文：若不是由于洪水，轮船就可以按时抵达目的地了）。He might have been killed __＿_ the arrival of the police．a．except for b．but for c．with d．for（答案 b．CET－6'95／6．译文： 若不是警察赶到，他可能就被杀害了。） ______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. a. In spite of b. But for c. Because of d. As for（答案 b．考研'91．译文：要不是有英语考试，我上个星期天就去听音乐会了。）
but that
but that ---- 用在虚拟语气中，but that从句谓语用陈述语气，陈述具体事实，表示"倘没有，若不是"： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本来会帮助我们的， 但当时他没有钱。 but that 还用在"（It is） not that…but that…"句式中,表示"不是因为…而是因为…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.不是约翰不想帮助你，而是因为他无能为力。
can／could
can／could ---- 1．"can't…too""怎么也不为过'：You can't be _____ careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case．a．quite b．very c．too d．so（答案 c．选自六级样题．译文：做这一决定时再细心也不为过，因为这是一件至关重要的事情。）
2．"can't/couldn't+比较级"表示"不可能再"，实际上等于"……最"：The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the war－torn country．对于那个饱受战争之苦的国家来说， 地震发生的时间再糟糕不过了。
3．"can't/couldn't+完成式"用于推断过去"不可能发生了某事"：Mary、my letter， otherwise she would have replied before now．a．has received b. ought to have received c. couldn't have received d. shouldn't have received（答案 C．考研'91．译文：玛丽不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定会回信的。）Comrade Li _____ be in Beijing because saw him in town only a few minutes ago．a．mustn't b．can't c．may not d．isn't able to（答案b．考研'80．译文：李同志不可能在北京，因为仅在几分钟前我还在城里见到了他。）
cannot help-ing
cannot help-ing ----"禁不住，忍不住；避免不了"：I couldn't help overhearing what he said.我禁不住偷听了他说的话。We couldn't help their seeing us．我们避免不了他们看见我们。
cannot help but do
cannot help but do -----"不由得，不能不"（与 cannot help-ing基本同义）：You can't help but respect them．你不由的要尊敬他们。（注：在这个句式中，还可以把help省略掉，意思不变，如上面的句子也可改变为：You cannot but respect them．）
cannot choose but do
cannot choose but do ----注意ht后面习惯上跟不带 to的不定式，表示"没有别的办法，只好"； He cannot choose but obey．他没有别的办法，只好服从。
choice
choice ----注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1．"have no choice but to do"或"There's no choice for sb but to do""没有别的办法，只好"（注意 but后面的不定式必须带 to）：We had no choice but to do what we were asked．我们不得不做要求我们做的工作。2．"have no other choice than to do""没有别的选择，只好"：The beaten enemy had no other choice than．a．surrender b．surrendering c．to surrender d．to be surrendered（答案c．译文：被打败的敌人没有别的选择只好投降。）
do more than do
do more than do ----注意 than后面习惯上跟不带to的不定式，表示"不仅仅，不单单，不只是"：In the course of a day students do far more than Just classes．a．attend b． attended c.to attend d．attending（答案 a．CET－4'93／6．译文：在一天之内，学生不只是上课（还要做许多别的事情）。Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the use in student cheating．除了谈论学生作弊的上升以外，全国各地的大学已决定采取一切措施。（摘自《大学英语》第二册第8课 Honesty：Is It Going Out of Style？）
do nothing but（do）
do nothing but（do） ----"仅仅（做），只（做），除……外什么都不（做）"：Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed．He must have done nothing but _____ （drink）．（答案：but后用原形动词 drink。考研'89）（注意下面的句式）So there was nothing for them to do ______ their places at the end of It．a．except take b．but take c．besides take d． but to take（答案 d．译文：他们只好在尽头自己的座位上坐下。）（注意这里的 but后面用不定式to take与前面的for them to do是并列的，处在相同的位置上，作nothing的定语： nothing to do but to take...)
do nothing else than (do)
do nothing else than (do) ---- 注意：do nothing后面用了else后就要用than而不再用but, 但than后面同样用不带to的不定式：He sat there, doing nothing else ______. a. but to laugh b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed （答案c. 译文：他坐在那里一个劲地笑。）但注意下面这个句子：He had nothing else to do except to return/than to return to his hot room..他没有别的办法，只好回到自己酷热的房间。（这个句子中的不定式 to do和to return做 nothing else的定语．）
either…or
either…or ----"或是……或是……；不是……就是…"。由选择连词either…or引导的名词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与or后面的名词保持一致。either…or还可以引导并列名词或介词短语作宾语，引导并列谓语或表语，引导并列状语或定语，引导并列分句。该结构的关键是由它们引导的两个部分必须并列处于同一层次上：Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow．要么蒂姆，要么他的兄弟们，必须铲雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them．当地的猎人或者枪杀它们，或者设陷捕捉它们。Either you must improve your work or shall dismiss you．要么改进你的工作，否则我就解雇你。I was advised _____ for reservations． a．to either telephone or to write the hotel． b. either to telephone or to write the hotel c. that I should telephone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to telephone or write the hotel（答案 b．考研 '85．译文：他们建议我要么给旅馆打电话，要么给旅馆写封信预订房间。）
find
find ----- find后面可以跟带现在分词、过去分词、形容词或不定式 to be的复合结构作宾语；如果是不定式本身作宾语，要把不定式后移，用形式宾语 it填补其位置：He was found dying／dead／injured．人们发现他快死了／已经死了／受了伤。We found（him to be／that he was）the right man for the job．我们发现他是做这项工作的合适人选。I found to answer all the questions within the time given． a. no possibility b．there was impossibility c. impossible d. it impossible（答案d．考研'80．译文：我发现在限定的时间内回答所有那些问题是不可能的。）（find上面的用法考试频度也很大）
for
for ---- 1．"for all""尽管"：all our kindness to help her，Sara refused to listen to us． a. At b. For c. In d. On（答案b．考研'92．译文：尽管我们好心要帮助她，但萨拉不肯听我们的。）There may be mistakes occasionally，but for all that，it is the best book on the subject．书中也许偶而有些错误，但尽管如此它仍不失为论述这个问题的最好的书。
2．"but for"／"if it weren't for""若不是，若没有"（用在虚拟语气中）：But for your help we should not have finished in time．若没有你的帮助，我们就不能按时完成。Had it not been for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now．要不是你懒，你现在可能会完成任务了。（注：在这个句式中，按正常语序谓语可以用缩合形式计 it weren't for或 if it hadn't been for，但若使用倒装语序时，不能将缩合的 weren't／hadn't放在句首，如不能说 Weren't it for／Hadn't it been for，而必须说 Were it not for／had it not been for．）
3．for作连词，表示"因为，由于"，多用于书面语中，引导的从句不能放在主句前面，它引导的 原因只是对主句所说的情况作出解释：Someone must have left the tap on，the water is running over and flooding the bathroom．a．therefore b．for c．nevertheless d． moreover（答案b．考研'84．译文：一定是谁忘记了关水龙头，瞧，水溢了出来，洗澡间到处是水。）
4．for用在带逻辑主语的不定式的结构中一for there to be／for it to be：It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. a．not to be b．it not to be c．there to be not d．there not to be（答案 d．译文：对这项建议若没有任何反对, 那反倒是奇怪的。）For there ______ successful communication，here must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present．a．is b．to be c．will be d. being（答案 b．考研'96．译文：为了进行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必须聚精会神地参加讨论。）（注：在there be句型中，虽然真正的主语是后面的名词，但在语法结构上习惯上把there看作结构主语，所以用介词 for引导带逻辑主语的不定式时要把there看作逻辑主语，因此把there is变为带逻辑主语的不定式时应说 for there to be，这和把 I do sth变为不定式时应说 for me to do sth的道理是一样的。在这个句式中还要注意如何把 It is time变为由 for引导的不定式。如果要说"现在该吃药了"，用英语应说 It is time to take medicine。但如果要说"他在等到该吃药的时间再吃药"，就应说 He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine。）
given（that）
given（that）一"在有……的情况下；如果有……；假定……；考虑到……"：Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year．如果健康状况良好，我希望今年完成这项工作。I'd come and see you in Austria，given the chance．如果有机会，我就到奥地利来看你。Given their inexperience／that they are inexperienced，they've done a good job．考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作还是做得不错的。（given的这一用法考试频度也很大）
good/point/sense/use
good/point/sense/use ----注意这几个名词在下面句型中的用法："It is no good -ing"表示"……没有用处"：It's no good my arguing with you．和你争论没有用。There is no good in -ing； What's the good of-ing？
have
have十复合结构 ---- have sb do sth；have sb／sth－lug；have sth done（have的这种用法考试频度也很大）：They'11 have you if you don't pay your taxes．a．to be arrested b． arrest c．arrested d．being arrested（答案 c．CET－6'91／6．译文：如果你不纳税，他们将要逮捕你。）I didn't understand what the teacher said，and had him explain it again to me．我不懂老师说的意思，我又让他给我解释了一遍。
in that…
in that… ----此为复合连词，相当于 because引导的原因状语从句，考试频度极大，在四六级和考研试题中几乎每年都有一题，如 1995年三个试题中均考了该题：Liquids are like solids _____ they have a definite volume．a．with that b．for that c．in that d．at that（答案。 CET－4'95／6．译文：液体与固体一样，它们也有确定的体积。）Britain's press is unusual _____ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper：the quality press and the popular press． a．in how b．in what c．in which d．in that（答案 d．CET－6'95／6．译文：英国报纸很不寻常，因为它分为截然不同的两大类：严肃报纸和通俗报纸。）Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.a．so that b．but that c．in that d．provided that（答案c．考研'95．译文：氢是宇宙间最基本的元素，因为它提供生成其它元素的建筑模块。）
the instant/the moment
the instant/the moment+从句 ---相当于as soon as "一……（就）"：She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.她必定是在我一把抓起电话时就奔了出去。You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil．你一踏上外国国土就得像个客人的样子。
just as…，so…
just as…，so… ----"正如……一样，……也……"：Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一样．我也不喜欢他的妻子。Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handing of his words. a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．译文：正如建筑工人砌砖技术拥熟一样，有经验的作家在用词作文章上也有高超的技艺。）Just as the soil is part of the earth， the atmosphere．a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）
know better than（to do）
know better than（to do） ----be wise or experienced enough not to do sth很懂得……不会……／不该（做某事）（根据张道真教授的（现代英语用法词典）的解释，than后面的不定式多带to，但有时可以省略）：You ought to know better than to stay away from school.你应懂得不该逃学．He knew better than to mention the subject to her．他很明智而没有向她提起这件事。Tom _____ better than to ask Dick for help．a．shall know b．shouldn't know c．has known d．should have known（答案 d．CET－6'91／6．译文：汤姆应懂得不该向迪克请求帮助。）
less
less ----用在下面成语中：even／much／still less"更不用说，更别提"（用在否定的陈述句之后）：The baby can't even walk，much less run．那婴儿连走路都不会，更别说跑了。I can't run a hundred yards，even less a mile．我连一百码都跑不了，更别说跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics，and of chemistry． a．even more b．still less c．no less d．still more（答案b．考研'91．译文：他对数学几乎一窃不通，更别提化学了。）
30、lest ----"唯恐，免得"（从句谓语多用 should，有时可用动词原形）：They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard．他们低声交谈，生怕别人听见了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way．司机认真地检查了一遍发动机，免得半路上出毛病。
let alone
let alone ----"更别提"（多用于否定句之后，与 even／much／still less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我从未见过他，更谈不上同他谈话了。The baby can't even walk, let alone run.那婴儿连走路都不会，更谈不上跑了。（注：let alone后面可以跟名词、动词不定式或分词，这取决于它所要强调的部分与前一句中所要对比的那一部分的语法结构，它们必须处于同一语法结构层次。）
most
most ----most可以直接修饰可数名词复数，名词前不用冠词修饰，表示泛指，如 most students"大多数学生"；如果要特指某些学生中的大多数，就要用most of结构，并且名词前面一般要用定冠词修饰，如most of the students in my class；注意这样用时，most前面没有冠词，不说 the most of the students。另外，most不能直接与代词或由物主代词修饰的名词连用，不能说most they／most their students或 their most students；而必须用，most of结构，像 most of them，most of her arguments。
some/any
some/any ----与 most的用法类似，可以说 some advice／students；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不说 some they，some his arguments或some the students。any也适用于这种情况。
all／each
all／each ----与 most／some／any的用法有些区别：all可以直接修饰带或不带定冠词的可数或不可数名词以及由物主代词修饰的名词，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；但不能直接放在代词前面，如不能说 all they，all it；但可以用 all of结构限定代词，如 all ofthem; all虽不能放在代词前面修饰代词，但可以放在代词后面作代词的同位语，如We all did it; He helped us all;（但谓语是 be动词时，all要放在 be后面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修饰不带冠词的可数名词单数，如 each student；但不能直接修饰代词、由物主代词或定冠词修饰的可数名词单数，如不能说 each they，each his book，each the student；而必须用 each of结构，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在复数名词或代词后面，如 The students/They each took a share。
much
much ----much多用于否定句或疑问句中，如 There is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large quantity of，a good deal of；但当 much作主语的一部分或与how／too／so／as连用时常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面几个与much相搭配的习惯说法。
1.not much of a… 一 not a very good…"不是一个很好的……"：It wasn't much of a dinner．
2．"too much of a…（to do sth）"一"太……（而不……）'：He is _____ coward to speak the truth．a．too much of a b．too much a c．o much a d．so much of a（答案 a．考研'89．译文：他是个十足的胆小鬼，不敢讲真话。）
3．"much as十从句"一 although"虽然，尽管"；Much as hate to do it，I must stay home and study tonight．尽管我不喜欢，但是今天晚上我必须呆在家里学习。
4．"as much as"一"同样（程度）地"：The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ______ its soils and the water of its lakes，rivers and oceans．a．are b．is c．do d． has（答案a．CET．6'90／1．译文：正如土壤和湖、河和海洋里的水是地球的一部分一样，大气层同样也是地球的一部分。）Give me as much again．再给我那么多。
5．not so much as／without so much as一"连……都没有'：He didn't so much as thank me for returning his money found．我把捡到的钱还给他，他连说声谢谢都没有。He left without so much as saying goodbye.他连说声再见都没有就走开了。
6．"not so much A as B"一"与其说 A，不如说B"：Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it．与其说各大洋把地球分割开来，还不如说是把地球联成一个整体。
7．"much less"一（用在否定句后）"更不用说"：I didn't even speak to him, much less discuss your problems with him.我连话都不跟他说，再不用说跟他一起讨论你的问题了。
must have done sth
must have done sth ----用于以肯定的语气推断过去必定发生了某事（常考句型）：My pain____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:"Are you feeling all right?" a．must be b．had been c．must have been d．had to be（答案 c．考研'96．译文：我的疼痛一定很明显，因为我遇到的第一个人就同情地问我："你不要紧吧？"）
no more than
no more than ----1.用于"no more than+钱数/名词"，"仅仅，只，只不过"，表示说话者认为太少，不满意：He gave me no more than＄10．他只给我 10美元。He is no more than a puppet．他只不过是个傀儡。
2."no more…than"；。"not any more than""A像B一样不……；A和B一样都不…"：He is no more a god than we are．（或）He is not a god any more than we are．他和我们一样都不是神。（注：这种表现法是为加强than前面的否定而用的，than后面的文句表面上看是肯定句，起含义实属否定。一般说来，than后面的文句所陈述的事实是显而易见的或是常识，以此来衬托说明前面亦染。）再如：He can not effect the impossible any more than we can．不可能的事情我们做不到，他和我们一样也做不到。The heart is intelligent than the stomach，for they are both controlled by the brain．a．not so b．not much c．much more d．no more（答案 d．考研'94．译文：心脏和胃一样都没有智力，它们都是由大脑控制的。）与 no more… than意思相反的结构是 no less…than"不亚于，与……同样好"：Sunlight is ______ necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition of body．a．less b．no less much d．no more（答案 b．译文：阳光与新鲜空气一样对维持身体健康同样必要。）
no other than／none other than
no other than／none other than ----用于强调，表示惊奇，"不是别人而正是……"：The stranger was none other than my old friend John.那位陌生人不是别人，正是我的老朋友约翰。（注：none other than用在以人作主语的句子中，no other than主要用在It is…的强调句中，但none other than也可用在强调句中。）如：It is no other than/none other than old Mr．Smith．那正是史密斯老先生。
not that…，but that…
not that…，but that… ----"并非因为…，而是因为…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.并非约翰不愿意帮助你，而是因为他无能为力。
not just…，but rather
not just…，but rather ----"不仅仅…而主要是…"：Everyone works several hours each day． The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work．人人每天都工作几小时，其目的不仅仅是为了不闲着，而是为了在工作中找到生活的意义和快乐。
now that…
now that… ----"既然，由于"： ____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. a．For now b．Now that c．Ever since d．By now（答案 b．CET－4'90／1．译文：既然我们已完成功课，我们就开始再做些复习吧。）＿ we have all the materials ready，we should begin the new task at once．a．Since that b．Since now c．By now d．Now that（答案 d．考研 89．译文：既然我们已备齐了材料，我们就立刻开始新的任务吧。）（注：nowthat引导的从句所陈述的必须是现在的事实或已经发生的事实；若尚未发生，需改用 since／as引导，如不能说 Now that he won't come，let's have our meeting now，而必须将这句话中的 now that改为 since／as才可以。now that的考试频度也很大。）
on／upon
on／upon ----1．"on十动名词（或表示动作意义的名词）"，该结构表示此动作一发生，句子谓语的动作就接着发生，可译为"-……（就……）"：_____ my return, I learned that Prof. Smith had been at the museum and would not be back for several hours．a．At b．On c．With d．During（答案b．考研'91．译文：我一回来，就听说史密斯教授去博物馆了，几个小时以后才回来。）2．"on+（表示动作意义的）名词"，这一结构所表达的意思相当于与该名词同源的动词的现在分词，表示"正在……"（注意名词前要用定冠词，一般来说与这种名词同源的动词是不及物动词）：The production is on the decline（一 declining）．生产在下降。常见的与 on搭配的名词有： on the increase; on the decrease; on the run; on the rise; on the boil; on the move; on the watch等。
only
only ----1．"only too十形容词（或过去分词）"（＝very），表所"非常"：I shall be only too pleased to come．能来我非常高兴。The news was only too true.这消息太好了（不可能是真的）。与only too搭配的形容词常见的有：pleased/ready／willing／glad／happy等。
2．"if only"引导虚拟条件句，表示"但愿，要是……就好了"：If only he would stop talking!他要是停止说话就好了！If only I had followed your advice!我要是听你的话就好了！
3."only that"（=but that）"只是，要不是"：I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy.
4."only to-V"用在谓语动词后，表示后来发生了事先没有料到的事情（这一用法也常考）：After twenty years abroad, William came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake. We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away.
5."not only…but also""不仅…而且"(not only放在句首时需要用倒装句；另外要注意not only…but also引导的成分要对等)：Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.
rather
rather ---- 1."would/had rather…than"或"rather than…would"表示"宁愿…而不愿"：She would rather have the small one than the large one. He would rather be liked than (be) feared. Rather than refuse to help you, I'd borrow money from my bank. We ourselves would rather have left on the 8th, but we didn't leave till the 12th. I'd rather you ______ those important documents with you. A. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take (答案d. CET-6'93/6.)(注：如果would rather只涉及主语的选择或爱好时，后面可直接跟动词原形或不定式完成式；than前后连接的两个成分要对等，可以是不定式或名词；would rather后面动词的施动者若不是句子主语本身而是另一个人时，后面需用从句，从句谓语用虚拟语气，即用一般过去时表示与现在的事实相反或很难实现的愿望；用过去完成时表示与已经发生的事实相反的愿望。在托福考试中，从句谓语还可以用动词原形，用动词原形仅仅表示一种愿望，如：We would rather that he take this train．我们倒希望他乘这趟火车走。)
2．"rather than"或"rather…than""是……而不是……；应……而不应……;宁愿……而不愿……：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction．He ran rather walked．This is rather for father to decide than for you．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style． a．rather than b．other than c．better than d．less than（答案 a．考研'95．）Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _____ harm them. A. more than b. other than c. rather than d. better than（答案c. CET－4'93／6．译文：发展核科学应造福于人民而不是有害于人民。）
3．"or rather""更确切些说"（用于更正前面说的话）：He arrived very late last night，or rather in the early hours this morning.他昨天很晚．更确切些说是今天凌晨才到达。
same
same（adj．）----"同样的，相同的" the same…that／as""和……一样"（注：that和 as都可以引导定语从句，有时可以换用；但如果从句省略了谓语动词时则只能用as而不能用that。如果定语从句修饰的是人、时间和地点时，连词 that还可以用 who／when/where(代替)：He uses the same books that/as you do/as you.他用的书和你用的一样。Put the book back in the same place where you found it．你在哪里发现的这本书，还把它放回原地。The price is the same as before the war.物价与战前一样。（这里的as不能换用that）
say
say（vt.）---- l．"sb／sth is said to have done sth"＝It's said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth."据说某人／某物做了某事"（注："be said to十不定式完成式"表示这个动作在谓语动词的动作发生之前已经完成，不定式完成也可以用被动态。这是常考句型。）：The building is said _____ (destroy) in a fire two years ago.（考研'81．答案：由时间状语 two years ago可以判定destroy的动作发生在谓语动作之前，又由于大楼是被烧毁的，所以应用不定式完成式被动态，因此应把destroy变为 to have been destroyed）
2．"to say nothing of"---（用在肯定句后）"更不用说，还不说"：The effort required is immense，to say nothing of the cost．要求付出的努力是巨大的，更不用说花费了。
so
so ---1．"not so十形容词／副词十as"：It was not so easy as all that.并不那么容易。It did not take so long as he had feared.并不像他害怕的那样费那么长时间。He was not so much angry as disappointed．他很生气，但更失望。
2．so十形容词十可数名词单数：I've never seen so beautiful child．我从未见过这样英俊的孩子。（注：该句型相当于 such a十形十名词，但比后者更文气些。）
3．"so十形容词+as＋to-V"：Would you be so kind as to help me？劳驾帮帮忙好吗？We'11 be much obliged if you will be so kind suggestions for improvement of our work. a．to make b．as making c．making d．as to make（答案 d．译文：如果你能提出改进我们工作的建议，我们将非常感激。）He is not so stupid as to do that．他不会傻到竟然去做那种事情。
4. "not so much as"---"连……都没有"：He didn't so much as ask me to sit down．他竟然连请我坐下都没有。
5．so as to --- 以便：I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.我很快就将一切准备好了，以便不让你久等。so用在肯定的陈述句之后引导倒装省略句，表示"也同样：John had been working hard and so had his brother．约翰一直很用功，他弟弟也是这样。
something of a…
something of a… ---"可说是个；某种程度上的"（语气上多少带点贬义）：He's something of a liar，don't you think？他不太老实，你说不是吗？I'm something of a carpenter．我能做些木工活。
soon
soon ----1. no sooner…than --- 一……就；刚…便（注：no sooner放在句首时需要用倒装语句，这是常考句型）：No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ___＿ we all sat down to rest．a．when b．then c．than d．until(答案c．CET4'91/6．译文：我们一到达山顶就坐下来休息了。)
2."would (just) as soon…(as)" ---"宁愿"： I would (just) as soon stay at home (as go for a walk).我倒宁愿呆在家里。I'd just as soon ______ rudely to her a. that you won't speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn't speak（答案d．考研'81．译文：我倒希望你不要对她说话不礼貌。）（注：would just as soon后面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气一般过去时。）
3."would sooner…than" --- "宁愿…而不愿"：He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.他宁肯辞职而不愿参与这类不诚实的交易。
such
such --- "这样的，这种的；那么的，如此程度的"：such people as these; people such as these像这样的一类人；such poets as Keats and Shelley; poets such as Keats and Shelley像基茨和雪莱那样的诗人（注：such as用于举例时后面不能再用 etc．／and so on之类的词语，如不能说such as Keats and Shelley，etc．）"such as to＋inf．／such（…）that""这样的……以致／以便"：Your stupidity is such as to fill me with despair．你是这样的愚钝，使我很失望。His illness is not such as to cause anxiety．他的病还没有严重到引起忧虑的程度。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．他从不犹豫提出对别人有益的批评。It wasn't such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. a. that b. which c. as d. what（答案。CET4'90／1．译文：那并不是她曾答应我们的那样一顿美餐。）（注：在上面两句中 as是关系代词。）His behavior was such／Such was his behavior that everyone disliked him．他的行为如此糟糕，大家都不喜欢他。"such as it is／as they are"---"尽管不怎么样（质量不高或价值不大）"：You can use my bicycle，such as it is．你可以用我的自行车，虽然不太好。Jane told her grandmother her grades, such as they were.简把她的成绩告诉了她奶奶，虽然成绩不怎么好。"as such"---（指前面刚刚提到的）"作为这样一个人／物"，such作代词：He is a child，and must be treated as such．他是个孩子，必须作为孩子对待他。He is the master and as such must be obeyed．他是主人，因此必须服从他。
than
than ----后面可以跟一个省略主语而只保留系词和表语的省略句，这种句式常考：We often advise him not to drink more wine _____ is good for his health． a．as b．but c．that d．than（答案d．CET6'93／6．译文：我们常常劝告他喝酒不要超过有益于身体健康的程度。（than后面省略了 it）（注：1995年6月的六级题中也有一道类似的题。）The protect requires more labour than because it is extremely difficult． a．has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in（答案a.考研'92．译文：此项工程要求投入的比已经投入的更多的劳动，因为工程极其困难。）（这里than后面省略了what）There were more casualties than was reported（＝than it was reported there were）．实际伤亡人数要比报道的多。There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today． a．exists b．exist c．existing d．existed（答案a．考研'95．译文：对于当今存在于公众头脑中的可能会得癌症的忧虑应当减少。）（这里than后面可看作是省略了what。）
that
that ---1．作为代词，为避免重复，代替前面提到过的特指不可数名词：By 1990，production in the area is expected to double _____ of 1980. a．that b．it c．one d．what（答案a．CET－6'90／1．译文：到1990年该地区的产量可望比1980年翻一番。）（这里that代替前面的名词 the production。）The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half ______. a．of last year's b．those of last year's c．of those of last year d. that of last year's（答案d．考研'96．译文：已登记参加今年马拉松赛的人数比去年少了一半.）（这里 that代替 the number。）
2．作关系代词引导定语从句：在由形容词最高级／the only／the same／any／every／no等修饰的名词后面的定语从句和在any thing/nothing／every everything／much／all等后面的定语从句，多用关系代词that而不用 which或 who：Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived．牛顿是有史以来最伟大的人物之一。He is the only man that can do it．他是惟一能做此事的人。She wore the same dress that she did at Mary's wedding.她穿着在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一件衣服。Any boy that wants to play can do so．任何想玩（游戏）的孩子都可以玩。I never have taken anything that didn't belong to me．我从未拿过任何不属于我的东西。He had nothing left that he could pawn．他再也没有什么可以典当的东西了。He had read without discrimination everything that he happened to come across.他不加选择地读了他所能得到的一切书。Much that have read has been nonsense．我读过的不少东西都是无聊的废话。Once they had fain， fortune，secure futures； _____ is utter poverty. A. now that all is left b．now all which is left c. now all that is left d. now all what is left(答案c. CET6 '91/6.译文：他们曾有过名气、富贵、可靠的未来，而现在所剩下的一切就只有赤贫了。)All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life． a．what is needed b．for our needs c．the thing needed d．hat is needed（答案 d．CET4'90／1．译文：现在所需要的就是不断提供最基本的生活必须品。）
3．作连词引导主语从句（注：that引导的主语从句一般后置，用形式主语it代替，但特别要注意放在句首的主语从句的用法）： ____ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages. a．That the sun and not the earth b．Being the sun and not the earth c．It is the sun and not the earth d．The sun and not the earth（答案a．CET6'93／6．译文：是太阳而不是地球是我们星系的中心这一概念在中世纪是难以理解的。）
4．作连词引导目的、结果、程度状语从句：They have died that liberty might live．他们牺牲了为的是自由可以生存。（作目的状语，此处实际上是省略了 so）What was the matter with the fellow that he looked o happy？那人怎么了，他显得这么高兴？（结果状语）He was so embarrassed that he could not speak to her．他是那么地窘迫，他对她说不出话来。（程度状语）
5．作副词修饰形容词或别的副词，表示"那么，那样，这么"，有时前面再用all加以强调，如 （all）that far，that good，that clever，that careless，that much，that high，that angry，that ill，that well等等（这一用法也常考）：I won't pay $20 for the coat； It's not worth _______. a．all that much b．that much all．that all much d．much all that（答案 a．考研'88．译文：我不会花 20美元去买那件大衣，它决不值那么多钱。）After having gone _____ far，George did not want to turn back． a．enough b．much c．such d．that（答案 d．考研'92．译文：乔治已经走了那么远了，不愿意再折回了。）
6．用于连词短语"in that"中，表示"因为"和复合连词"now that"中，请参见上面相应的词条。
under
under十名词 ----（注：这个名词须是表示动作意义的名词，前面不用冠词，这个结构相当于与该名词同源的及物动词的进行式被动态，under repair－being repaired ； under discussion＝being discussed；under criticism＝being criticized等等，The survival of civilization as we know it is _____ threat. a．within b．towards c．under d．upon（答案 c．CET4'95／6．译文：我们所熟知的文明的生存正在受到威胁。）其它这类短语还有：under construction"在建设中"；under fire"遭到炮火射击"；（或）"受到批评"；under examination"受到审查"；under control"受到控制"；under suspicion"受到怀疑"；under detention"在拘留中"；under consideration"在考虑中"; under study"在研究中"；under review"在审查中"；under investigation"在调查中'等等。
used to (do)与be used to (sth)的区别
used to (do)与be used to (sth)的区别：used to（do）----这里的 used只用过去时，表示"过去常常……（但现在已不这样了）"；否定式是used not（或缩合式use(d)n't,也可以用didn't use(d)；疑问句可用Used (sb) to do或Did (sb) use to do…？：I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.我在他那个年龄时常爱写诗。They used to play golf，didn't／use（d）n't they？他们过去常爱打高尔夫球，是不是？She didn't use(d) to do it, did/used she？她过去不常做这个，对吧？Used you to know him/Did you use to know him?你过去对他熟悉吗？There used to be some trees in this field，use（d）n't／didn't there？过去这块农田里有一些树，是不是？（比较下面两句的差异：①I Don't swim as much as I used to.我现在不如过去那么经常游泳厂。 (2) Life isn't so easy here as it used to be．现在这里的生活不如过去容易。（注：①句的主动词是行为动词 swim，省略句中只保留不定式符号to，省略掉动词swim及所带成分，而 (2)句的主动词是系词be，在省略句中只能省略be后面的表请部分,be不能省略，这一点要注意。）be／get used to（doing）sth ---"习惯于……"（注：这里的 to是介词，不是不定式符号）：He's quite used to hard work／to working hard．他习惯于勤奋工作。You will soon _____ this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you. a. get used to b. get to c. get over d. get on with（答案 a．考研'84．译文：你不久就可以适应这里的气候了,那时温度的变化就不会对你造成影响了。）
what
what ----引导名词从句，可以作主语、宾语和表语（这也是常考句型）：In some countries, _____ is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people．a．which b. one c．that d．what（答案d．CET4'95／6．译文：在有些国家，所谓的"平等"并不真正意味着所有人都享有平等的权利。（what名词从句作主语。）Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy，from which most of present－day science arose． a．that b．what c．all d. which（答案 b．CET6'93／6．译文：物理学是过去通常被称作自然哲学的当今的对应词，大部分当今的自然科学均产生于此。）（what名词从句作介词宾语。）Water will continue to be ____ it is today ---next in importance to oxygen． a．how b．which c．as d．what（答案d．考研'92．译文：水将继续是今天的样子，其重要性仅次于氧气。）（what名词从句作表语。）
whether
whether ----引导间接疑问句或带to不定式作宾语；引导从句时，如果不发生误解，口语中可与if换用，但若从句放在句首或作介词宾语时，不能换用if；引导不定式时也不能换用if；若与or连用引导两个间接疑问句时， or后面需重复 whether；whether引导的从句除作宾语外，还可作主语、表语、同位语和让步状语：I don't know whether／if you like flowers．我不知道你是否喜欢鲜花。This is certainly the case but whether it is a defect or not I don't quite know.情况当然是这样，但这是不是一个缺陷，我不太清楚。（此句不能换用价 It all depends on whether we can get their co-operation．这完全取决于我们能否得到他们的合作。（不能换用if）I don't know whether to accept or refuse．我不知道该接受或是该拒绝。（不能换用if，第二个不定式符号 to可以省略）I wonder whether we shall be in time for the last bus or whether we shall have to walk home．不知道我们是否可以赶上最后一趟公共汽车，或者我们将不得不步行回家。（这是两个并列从句，or后需重复 whether）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen．这到底对我们有害处或是有好处，尚有待观察。（作主语）His firs question was whether Holmes had arrived yet．他的第一个问题就是赫尔姆斯是否已到达。（作表语）She was in bitter doubt whether she was right．她非常怀疑她是否对。（作同位语） Whether we go or whether we stay，the result is the same.不论我们是走还是留，结果都是一样的。（作状语）Whether from bravery or stubbornness，they did not give in．不管是出于勇敢还是由于顽固，他们没有屈服。（作状语）
with
with十复合结构 ---- With后面可跟带现在分词、过去分词方。不定式和介词短语等各种复合结构，有时称为 with独立结构，作状语，表示原因、方式或伴随状态：I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill．由于我母亲有病，我将不能去度假。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.他锁门闭户在家整整工作了一个下午。I can't go out with all These dishes to wash．我有这么多碗碟要洗，我出去不了啦。He was asleep with his head on his arms．他在那里睡着了，头枕在双臂上。With John away，we've got more room．约翰不在家，我们就宽松多了。
worth
worth ----作形容词，可表示"值…钱，相当于……价值的"；"值得……的"（注：worth作形容词只用于作表语，它后面跟动名词形式实际相当于该动词的被动态）：It's not worth more than two pounds．它最多值两英镑。The book is well worth reading．这本书很值得一读。As your instructor advised，you ought to spend your time on something ______ researching into． a. precious b. worth c. worthy d. valuable（答案 b．考研'94．译文：正大你的老师建议的那样，你应该把时间花在值得进行研究的东西上。）
worthwhile
worthwhile ----"值得（花时间）做的，有价值的"：a worthwhile experiment值得做的实验；The visit to Pairs was worthwhile．到巴黎的参观是值得的。The effort seemed worthwhile to French decision－makers．这种努力对法国的决策者们来说似乎是值得的。They did not find ______ to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet． a．worth their while b．it worthwhile c. it worth d. it worthy（答案 b．考研'84．译文：他们认为不值得为他们可能会遇到的最坏情况作准备。）（注：worthwhile还可以分开写成 worth while，分开写时后面可跟不定式或动名词：It's not worth while to lose/losing your temper.不值得生气。）
worthy of
worthy of ----"值得的，配得上的"；"有优点的，值得尊敬的"（注：worthy可以作定语修饰名词；作表语，后面多跟of；但根据张道真的（现代英语用法词典）P．546所引例句，后面还可跟不定式）：live a worthy life过有意义的生活；a most worthy young man一位非常有出息的年轻人；the worthy poor值得尊敬的穷人；a worthy winner配得上的胜利者；He is a teacher worthy of great respect．他是个非常值得尊敬的老师。She is not worthy to talk to a man like you．她不配与你这样的人谈话。（注：要注意worth、worthy和worthwhile三词的具体含义和习惯搭配，它们的考试频度较大。）
动名词的用法
1．只能跟动名词作宾语的常见动词有：suggest，finish，avoid、mind，enjoy，quit，postpone，delay，practise，fancy，imagine，consider，deny，escape，miss，risk，confess（to），admit（to），appreciate，involve，favour，save，resent，survive等。见下例：
(1)He avoided giving us a definite answer．
(2)I enjoy working with you．
(3)Would you mind filling out this form？
(4)I appreciate ______ to your home．
a．to be invited b．to have invited
c．having invited d．being invited（答案 d．CET4'91／6．）（注：want，need，require， deserve，demand等属另一类动词，如果以事物作主语时表示"需要"，后面要求跟动名词，这种动名词在 形式上是主动态，实际上表达的是被动态的意思。）见下例：
(5)The floor requires washing．
(6) Your hair wants cutting．
(7)The garden needs watering．（注：need后面既可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式被动态，表达的意思相 同，如 The garden needs to be watered．）另外，advise，recommend，allow，permit，forbid等动 词后面既可以直接跟动名词作宾语（如 advise starting early tomorrow），也可以跟带不定式的复合 结构（如 advise sb to do sth）。见下例：
(8)The teacher doesn't permit ______ in class．
a．smoke b．to smoke c．smoking d．to have a smoke（答案 c．CET4'91/6．）（注：如果 permit后 面需跟以人作宾语的词，就需将该句改为：The teacher doesn't permit anybody to smoke in class． ）
(9)I recommend (your) buying/you to buy this dictionary.（可以使用由物主代词限定的动名词作宾语 ）
2．要求跟动名词作宾语的短语动词和成语很多，常见的有：amount to"意味着，等于是说"；feel like"很想"；go on"继续"；aim at"旨在"；keep on"继续"；set about"开始，着手"；insist on"坚持要"；succeed in"成功地做……"；persist in"坚持（做）"；dream of"梦想"；object to"反对"； approve of"赞成"； refrain from"克制不做"；look forward to"期待着"；depend on"依赖于"；give up"放弃"；see to"处理，负责（做）"；fall to"开始（做）"；leave off"停下"；take to"变得喜欢"；put off"推迟"；participate in"参加"；come close to"几乎，差点"； join ill"参加"；suspect sb of"怀疑某人……"；excuse sb from"原谅某人……"； accuse sb of"指控某人……"；excuse sb from"允许某人不做…"；change sb with"控告某人……"；spend time…"花时间做……"；when it comes to…"至于，谈到"；waste time…"做……是浪费时间"；set one's heart/mind on…"决意要……"。见下例：
(1)He insisted on doing it in his own way．
(2)I've been looking forward to coming to China for a long time．
(3)The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court．a．objected to having b．were objected to have c．objected to have d．were objected to having（答案 a．CET4'91／6．object为不及物动词，后面要求跟介词to十名词或动名词，不能跟不 定式，也没有被动态。）
(4)My father has taken to playing the golf at the weekends．
3．后面要求限动名词的形容词／过去分词十介词结构，常见的有：fond of"喜爱"；good at"擅长于"；sick of"厌烦"；proud of"为……感到骄傲"；keen on"热望于"；responsible for"对……负责"； capable of"能够"； afraid of"害怕"；thirsty for"渴望"； tired of"对……厌烦"；interested in"对……感兴趣"；ashamed of"自惭于"；engaged in"忙于"；opposed to反对；accustomed to"习惯于"；given to"喜欢，常爱"；reduced to"到了……境地"；bent on"一心要"；get used to"习惯于"。见下例：
(1)They are all opposed to putting the meeting off．
(2)I am proud of being a member of the Chinese Communist Party．
(3)Is there any place you're particularly keen on visiting?
(4)Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？
虚拟语气的用法
句子谓语需用动词原形的情况
虚拟语气考试的频度非常大。虚拟语气主要分为两大类：谓语使用动词原形的情况及使用过去时或过去 完成时的情况。
1．句子谓语需用动词原形的情况
1）英语中有些表示愿望、建议、命令、要求的动词的宾语从句的谓语需用
should十动词原形， 美国英语多用动词原形，英国英语可用动词原形或用 should十动词原形两种形式。
这些常用动词包括：suggest，propose，recommend，order，demand command request，require，insist，desire，ask，
urge，advise，move（提动议），prefer，determine，resolve，decide，vote，arrange.
这些动词变为被动态时，从句谓语仍需用虚拟式。见下例：
(1)Mary insisted that John come．
(2)We desire that the tour leader _____ us immediately of any change in plans．
a. inform b. informs c．informed d．has informed（答案a．CET4'93/6.）
(3)Congress has decided that the present law be maintained．
(4)My father did not go to New York ； the doctor suggested that he _____ there．
a. not go b. hadn't gone c. not to go d. wouldn't go（答案a．CET6）
(5)They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.
(6)They requested that we（should）send a delegation to their country．
(7)We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution．
（注： prefer的宾语从句谓语多用 should十动词原形，也可直接用动词原形。）
(8)It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made.
a．not be started b．will not be started
c．Is not started d．Is not to be started （答案a.CET4'95／6．）
(9)It was arranged that they leave the following week．
(10) It is。quested．that John（should）give a performance at the party．
与这些动词同源的名词的同位语从句或表语从句的谓语动词也需用虚拟语气。
与这些动词相应的名词有： suggestion／proposal／recommendation／order／demand／
request／requirement／insistence／desire／ advice／motion（动 议）／determination／
resolution／decision/preference／arrangement等。见下例：
(1)He gave orders that the work（should）be started at once．
(2)Everyone was tired，so Bill got up and made a motion that the meeting be adjourned．
(3)Presently he made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in French．
2）在一些形容词后面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气。
英语中有些表示必要性、重要性、愿望、建议、惊异、遗憾、要求等意思的形容词，
在 It is十形容词十 that从句结构中，从句谓语需用虚拟式。
这些常用的形容词有：necessary／important／vital／essential／
imperative/urgent/appropriate/preferable/
natural/strange/amazing/desirable/advisable/incredible；
以及以人作主语的形容词 desirous/insistent/sorry/sad/surprised等和名词pity／necessity／importance
等的同位语从句。见下例：
(1)It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once．
(2)It is important that we unite with all that can be united In the struggle．
(3)t was essential that the application forms back before the deadline．
a．must be sent b． would be sent c．be sent d．were sent（答案 c．CET4'90／1．）
(4)It is highly desirable that every effort be made to reduce expenditure．
(5)It is a great pity that he should be so conceited．
(6)It is a burning shame that little children should have to beg In street．
(7)It is of the utmost importance that you _____ here on time．
a．be b．shall be c．are to be d．must be（答案 a．CET6'95／6．）
(8)The president is strongly desirous that you should attend the meeting．
从句谓语需用过去时或过去完成时的情况
2．从句谓语需用过去时或过去完成时的情况
1）从句谓语用一般过去时的情况。
（1）It is（high）time sb did／was doing sth．
在这个句式中，从句谓语只能用一般过去时或过去进行时。见下例：
(1)It's time you went to bed．
(2)It's time we were setting out．Its time they were taught a lesson．
(3)It's time about the traffic problem down town．
a．nothing to be done b．anything will be done
c．everything is done d．something was done（答案 d．CET－6'93／6）
（2）would sooner/would (just) as soon（从句谓语多用一般过去时）
（would sooner = would prefer； would as soon = would be equally willing）见下例：
(1)I could go myself but I would sooner you went．
(2)I would just as soon you didn't go there．
2）从句谓语可用一般过去时和过去完成时。
（1）wish
wish表示的愿望往往与现在或过去的事实相反，或者是很难实现的愿望，因此其宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟语气，有以下三种情况：
若表示的愿望与说话时存在的事实相反，宾语从句谓语用一般过去时，be动词多用were.
若表示的愿望是指未来，宾语从句谓语多用could/would/might do/be。
若表示的愿望与过去事实相反，或与已经发生的事实相反，宾语从句谓语需用过去完成时或could／would have done／been。（注意：不管 wish用一般现在时或过去时，上述规则不变。）见下例：
(1)I wish I were as strong as you．
(2)I wish I had paid more attention to my pronunciation.
(3)I wished he would try again．
(4)She wished sincerely that she might do something to comfort him．
(5)Monica wished she hadn't come．
(6)I wish longer this morning，but had to get up and come to class．
a．have dept b．slept c．might have slept d. could have slept（答案 d．CET－4'95／4）
（2）would rather that…
根据（Cliffs托福考试指南）（1983年版）P．100的讲解，would rather后面引导宾语从句的that不可省略。根据所要表达的不同意思，从句谓语可用一般过去时、过去完成时，还可用动词原形。用一般过去时，表达与现在事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表达与过去事实相反的愿望；用动词原形仅仅表示主句主语希望从句主语做某事的愿望。见下例：
(1)Henry would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department as he does．（事实是他的女朋友在另一个部门工作。）
(2)Tom would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday.（事实是杰克昨天没去上课。）
(3)We would rather that he take this train．（希望他乘坐这趟火车。）
（注：根据多年我国各种测试的情况看，似乎只考宾语从句谓语用一般过去时的情况，而且在没有给出上下文的情况下，把用动词原形视为错误，如1993年6月的CET－6第66题。）见下例：
(4)I'd rather you _____ those important documents with you．
a. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take（要求选d为正确答案）
（3）if only／Oh，that…！（表达一种强烈的愿望，用法同wish）见下例：
(1)If only he knew how we miss him！
(2)If could only see him once!
(3)Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _____ your advice!
a．follow b．had followed c. would follow d．have followed（答案 b．CET－4'93／6）
(4)Oh that could fly！
（4）as if/as though
如果表达的是与现在事实相反的情况，谓语用一般过去时；如果表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，谓语用过去完成时，而不管主句谓语用一般现在时或过去时。见下例：
(1)It seems as if it was/were spring already.
(2)They talked／are talking as if they had been friends for years．
（注：需要指出的是，并非所有由as if/as though引导的从句谓语均要用虚拟语气。如果 as if从句表达的意思是根据当时的事实或已经表现出的迹象判断是很可能已经发生或即将发生的事情，从句谓语就用陈述语气，根据句意从句谓语可用一般现在时、现在完成时或将来时。）见下例：
(1)It looks as if it's going to rain．（有可能下雨）
(2)He talks as if he has known everything．
(3)It tastes as if it is made of chocolate．
虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句）
3．虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句）
如果条件句所表达的是纯然假设的情况或是与事实完全相反的假设，或是发生的可能性极小，就称为虚拟条件句（或叫非真实条件句），分为下面三种情况：
虚拟将来：（从句）if…should/were to…，（主句）…would/could/might/should do/be
虚拟现在：（从句）if…did/were…，（主句）…would/could/might/should do/be
虚拟过去：（从句）if…had p．p…，（主句）…would／could／might／should have done／been
1）表示将来的虚拟条件句：谓语用 should十动词原形，表示以未来不太可能发生为假设；谓语也可用 were to，表示以未来绝对不会发生为假设。见下例：
(1)If I were to／should do it，I would do it in a different way．
(2)If they were to／should act like that again，we should criticize them severely．
2）与现在事实完全相反的假设或实现的可能性极小，从句谓语用一般过去时(be动词用were)，主句谓语用 would／could／might／should十动词原形。见下例：
(1)If had the time，I would certainly go．（but I don't have the time．）
(2)If were you，I would reconsider their proposal.（but I am not you．）
（注：以suppose/supposing和what if引导的从句，若特别强调假设的条件，可用虚拟语气）
(3)Suppose／Supposing your mends knew how you're behaving here，what would they think？
(4)"We will set out tomorrow．""What if it rained？"
3）与过去事实完全相反的假设，从句谓语用过去完成时，主句谓语用 would／could／might十完成式。见下例：
(1)If I had left a little earlier，I would have caught the train．
(2)I could have done better if I had been more careful．
(3)If he hadn't been ill，he might have come．
4）省略if的虚拟条件倒装句：在正式书面英语中，如果条件句中包含有助动词had／should和were时，可省略if，然后把它们置于从句主语之前。见下例：
(1)Had we made（=If we had made）adequate preparations，we might have succeeded．
(2)Should I go to university one day，I would study hard．
(3)Were it。t for（＝If it were not for）their assistance，we couldn't have got over the difficulties.
5）含蓄条件句
英语中有时假设的情况并非用if明确地表示出来，而是通过一定的词汇、句子结构、上下文或其它方式表示出来，这称为含蓄条件句。在这种条件句中，谓语也需用虚拟语气。可以引导含蓄条件句的有以下一些词汇和结构情况：
(1)We could have done better under more favourable conditions（= If conditions had been more favourable）．
(2)This change could not have taken place without a solid industrial foundation（= If the industrial foundation had been weak）．
(3)They reaped a yield twice as much as they would have done with local strains（=If they had used local strains）．
(4)That would have been considered miraculous in the past（= If it had taken place in the past）．
(5)He would have helped you，but he was so busy（= If he had not been so busy）．
(6)I was ill that day．Otherwise（=If I had not been ill that day）I would have taken part in the parade．
(7)He must have had an accident， or he _____ then．
a．would have been here b．had to be here c．should be here d．would be here（答案 a．CET－ 4'90／1）（or＝otherwise=if he had not had an accident）
(8)It was so quiet that you could have heard a pin drop.（= If a pin had dropped）
(9)Because we had no drugs that might have saved him，Dr．Bethune died of septicaemia（败血症 ）．（=If we had drugs we might have saved him．）
(10)The computer accomplished in an hour what it would have taken 1000 men a year to do．（=If the amount of work done by the computer in an hour had been done by hand，it would have taken 1000 men to accomplish．）
(11)It would be a mistake not to help him．（=if we didn't help him）
(12)I wouldn't have acted as he did．（＝if were him）
(13)Only a fool would believe that．（＝If you believed it，you would be a fool．）
(14)A less brave man wouldn't have dared to work in the enemy headquarters.（=If a man had been less brave，he wouldn't have dared to work…）
(15)Another person could not have done it．（=If another person had been assigned to do it，he could not have done it．）
(16)Anybody in his position would have done the same．
(17)Five minutes earlier，we could have caught the last train．
a. and b. but c. or d．so（答案a．CET－4'93／6）
（Five minutes earlier=If we had arrived five minutes earlier）
(18) ______ the flood，he ship would have reached its destination on time．
a．In case of b．In spite of c．Because of d．But for（答案 d．CET－6'90／1）
（but for the flood=if it had not been for the flood）（注：but for还可换用but that从句）